1.2 Human organism Flashcards
The structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their ____ makeup. The ____ level of organization involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules. This is important because a molecule’s structure determines its function.
Chemical level
___ are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. It contain smaller structures inside called _____ . It carry out par- ticular functions, such as digestion and movement, for the cell.
Cells and Organelles (cell level)
A ___ is composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. The characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the ____.
Tissue ( Tissue level)
The body is made up of four basic tissue types:
(1) epithelial, (2) connective, (3) muscle, and (4) nervous
An __ is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions
Organ ( organ level)
is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
Organ system level
11 Major organs
1) integumentary, (2) skeletal, (3) muscular, (4) nervous, (5) endocrine, (6) cardiovascular, (7) lymphatic, (8) respiratory, (9) digestive, (10) urinary, and (11) reproductive.
is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bac- terium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human. The human organism is a network of organ systems, all mutually depen- dent on one another.
Organism ( organism level )
refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to per- form specific functions. Living things are highly organized. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Organizations
is the ability to use energy and to perform vital functions. ___ refers to all of the chemical
reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism.
Metabolism
an organism’s ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
Responsiveness
refers to an increase in the size or number of cells,which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism.
Growth
involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state
Differentiation
is the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.
Morphogenes
is the formation of new cells or new organ- isms. ___ of cells allows for growth and devel- opment. All living organisms pass on their genes to their offspring.
Reproduction
is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. To achieve homeo- stasis, the body must actively regulate conditions that are constantly changing.
Homeostasis
Changes in our environ- mental conditions, such as hot or cold outdoor temperatures, are called
Variable
Homeostatic mechanisms, such as sweating or shivering, nor- mally maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or ___. Note that these mechanisms are not able to maintain body temperature precisely at the ___.
Set point
, body temperature increases and decreases slightly around the set point to produce a ____ of values. As long as body tempera- ture remains within this normal range, homeostasis is maintained
Normal range
Most systems of the body are regulated by ___-feedback mechanisms, which maintain homeostasis.
Negative
Means to decrease. is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted; there- fore, in a ___-feedback mechanism, the response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point, becoming smaller.
Negative
3 components of negative feedback
Receptor, control center, effector
which monitors the value of a variable such as body temperature by detect- ing stimuli;
Receptor
such as part of the brain, which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable;
Control center
such as sweat glands, which can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control center, usually back toward the set point.
Effector
A changed variable is a ____ because it initiates a homeostatic mechanism.
Stimulus
