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Microbiology - LSCI 230 > 12- Human Microbiology > Flashcards

12- Human Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Overview: Normal human microbiome

A
  • microorganisms usually associated with human body tissue
  • colonization begins at birth
  • microbiomes changes over time: depending on the condition the host is subject to
    Most organism are commensal, few beneficial, even less parasitic
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2
Q

Epidermis

A

Skin
Composed of:
-dead outerlayer
-living actively replicating innerlayer

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3
Q

Sebatious and Apocrine sweat glands

A 
Secretes: 
- Salt water
- Various amounts of proteins 
- Lipids
- Sugars 
Secretions has an antimicrobial effect thanks to lipids and proteins
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4
Q

Dead cell outer skin layer

A

Creates a tough outer barrier to prevent penetration of microorganism
Generally dry and acidic: does not support the growth of microorganisms

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5
Q

Skin ducts

A

Secretious ducts cary a small colony of well adapted gram-possitive bacteria:

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6
Q

Skin duct microbiome

A 
Secretes : bacteriocin, and aerotolerant propionobacterium acnes 
Inhabitants : 
- Yeast
-Molds 
-Bacteria
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7
Q

Bacteriocon

A

kills incoming microorganic competitors, and protects against harmful bacterial colonization

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8
Q

Oral cavity microbiome

A

heterogeneous microbial habitat : both aerobic and anaerobic niches
High nutrient concentration promotes growth

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9
Q

Teeth: structure

A

Outer miniral matrices : Enamel

Enamel surrounds living tissue: dentin and pulp

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10
Q

Dental placke formation

A

bacteria attaches to acidic glycoproteins deposited from saliva
extensive growth of microbes (streptococci) -> thick bacterial layer : plaque

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11
Q

Streptococcus mutants

A 
synthesizes extracellular polysaccharides : Dextran
ferments lactose (along with lactobacteria) -> produces lactic acid
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12
Q

Dextrain

A

synthesized by streptococcus mutant
extra cellular polysaccharide
aids in bacterial attachement to tooth surface

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13
Q

Lactic acid: plaque formation

A

lactic acid produced by Streptococcus mutants and lactobacteria degrades tooth enamel
Solubilizes calcium

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14
Q

Stomach : major processes

A

secretion of acid: HCl
digestion of macromolecules
pH: 2

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15
Q

Small intestine : major processes

A 
continued digestion & absorption of :
- monosaccharides
- amino acids 
- fatty acids
- water 
pH: 4-5
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16
Q

Large intestine : major processes

A

absorption of bile acids, vit B12

pH: 7

17
Q

Gastrointestinal [GI] tract of humans

A

colonization begins at birth
mibiomes differ in different areas of the GI determined by :
- diet
- physical environment

18
Q

Colonizing the GI tract

A

Prevented by the acidity in the stomach, dueodenum, and S intestine
Organism in food may be protected

19
Q

Microorganisms in the colon

A 
mostly strict anaerobes/ facultative nanaerobes
Organisms: 
- Bacterioides 
- enteric bacteria (E. coli)
- yeasts 
- anaerobic protozoa (Entamoeba coli) 
Variability between individuals
20
Q

Microorganism in the colon: function

A

Digest :
- complex carbohydrates (cellulose, starch)
Produce: VFA’s (volatile fatty acids)

21
Q

Microorganism in the large intestine : function

A

Ferment : volatile fatty acids
Produce gasses : CO2 & H2
Methanogens : convert CO2 and H2 -.> CH4
Sulfate reducers & cysteine/methionine fermenters: produce H2S

22
Q

Nutrients produced by intestinal microorganisms

A
  • amino acids

- vitamins: B12, K, thiamine, riboflavin

23
Q

Applications of GI tract microbiome

A 
Microorganisms contribute to the maturing of the Gi tracts
Microbiome affect: 
- early development 
- health
- predisposition to disease (obesity)
24
Q

Microbiomae of the nose and nasopharynx

A
  • staphylococci
  • streptococci
  • corynebacteria
25
Q

Pathogens in the nasopharynx

A

The nasopharynx may contain pathogens under control by the immune system:

  • Streptococci pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenza
  • neisseria meningitidis
26
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A
  • Sinuses
  • Nasopharynx
  • Pharynx
  • Oral cavity
  • Larynx
27
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronci
  • Lungs
    Until recent studies LRT was considered microbiomeless : low biomass
28
Q

Genitourinary tracts

A

Men & women : generally free of microorganisms

Regular urine flushing

29
Q

Urethra pathogens

A

Possibly from GI tract: may cause disease

altered condition cause colonization-> disease

30
Q

Vaginal tract microbiome

A

Variety of microbiomes depending on age

31
Q

the vaginal tracts and glycogen

A

Glycogen concentrations controlled by hormones
Glycogen is degreaded by microorganisms -> lactic acid
Vaginal pH: 4.5

32
Q

Sterile zones of the human body :

A
  • blood
  • spinal fluid
  • internal urinary tract (bladder, kidneys)
  • Peritoneal cavity (gut cavity)
  • Pleural cavity (lung cavity)
  • Sinuses
  • Interior regions of other body tissue (bones, muscles…)

Microbiology - LSCI 230 (4 decks)

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