1.2 How do markets work Flashcards
Define rational behaviour
When economic agents maximise their own self interest and are able to assess economic costs and benefits to themselves of making alternative choices
Why is switching from tobacco to e-cigarettes rational behaviour
Reasons rational
Smokers computationally aware of financial gains of switching
Smokers informed of private health gains
Reducing health external costs e.g. passive smoking
Smokers aware that regulations will increasingly make it difficult for them to gain utility of nicotine consumption through tobacco smoking
3 marks
Why is switching from tobacco to e-cigarettes irrational behaviour
Reasons against being rational
-Smokers lack information and computational skills to accurately assess full costs and benefits of switching. May underestimate long-term gains of switching (bounded rationality)
-Information overload
-Both products contain nicotine which is addictive and habit forming.
-Switch may be only short-term (impulse buying)
-E-cigarettes complements tobacco smoking resulting in an overall increase in nicotine consumption
-PED for tobacco remains lower than e-cigarettes so a price rise in the latter may result in a switch
back
3 marks
Explain how Bitcoin fulfils one function of money, apart from as a medium of exchange.
A measure of value (1) e.g. prices can be measured in
satoshis (1) people can compare prices of goods and
services (1)
OR
A store of value (1) when an individual saves bitcoin (1)
they are confident they will receive the equivalent value
back (1)
OR
A standard of deferred payment (1) when an individual
loans another person bitcoin (1) they are confident they will
receive the equivalent value back (1)
Define demand
The quantity of a good or service that consumers are able and willing to. buy at a given price during a given period of time.
Define law of diminishing marginal utility
As each additional unit of a product is consumed, the marginal benefit to the consumer from each additional unit falls.
Satisfaction decreases and consumers are less likely to pay at a higher price
2 marks
The price elasticity of demand for petrol is -0.2. Explain the change to the total revenue of petrol stations as a result of cutting their prices.
Total revenue is the revenue recieved from the sale of a given level of output.
The % rise in QD is lower than % fall in price as demand is price inelastic
If theres a 100% increase in P of coffee in Uganda which leads to 33% increase in QS. What does this suggest about supply of coffee in Uganda.
PES= %∆ in QS/ %∆ in P
PES= 33/100= 0.33
Coffee is price inelastic since the answer is less than 1
It may be price inelastic supply as it takes a long time to grow
3 marks
Explain one reason why income elasticity of demand is significant to the producer of Freddos if YED= -2.5%.
YED= responsiveness to a change in quantity demanded given a change in income
YED is negative= inferior good= inelastic
Sales revenues fall as incomes rise
What is SIRA
Prices perform a signalling function – they adjust to demonstrate where resources are required.
Prices act as an incentive function – for consumers and/or suppliers
Prices perform a rationing function.
This leads to allocative effiency where a new market clearing equilibrium is reached
SIRA
Discuss the functions of the price mechanism with a rightward shift in demand
S) D↑ as P1= excess demand
I)↑P1-P2 = eraadicated excess demand
R) Contraction along D as P↑= impacts utility
Extension along S = profit maximisers
A) Allocate scarce resources
* New market clearing equilibrium has been reached (S=D) P2Q2
Define Producer surplus
The difference between the price a supplier is willing to produce a good at and the price they actually produce at, set my the price mechanism
Define consumer surplus
The difference between the price a consumer is willing to pay for a good at and the price they actually pay, set my the price mechanism
Why may consumers not switch to cheaper brands
- Computation issues eg. consumers do not understand their pricing structure
- Habitual behaviour/ brand loyalty- may have a tendency to purchase same G/S over time
- Consumers dont have time to shop around or look for better deals- want to avoid disruption of changing provided (inertia)
- Strong brand= inelastic demand
How will PED affect incidence of tax
- Price inelastic- Greater tax revenue, producers pass on much higher propotion of tax to consumers and pay the rest themselves
- Price elastic- Producers pass on much smaller proportion of tax to consumers and pay the rest themselves
QD falls by a larger proption than increase in P