Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOL MED block 4 > 1.2. HIV & AIDS > Flashcards

1.2. HIV & AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

cART

A

combination ART

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

R-tropic

A

CCR5

  • T-cells
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

X-tropic

A

CXCR4

  • B cells
  • monocytes
  • some T-cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

AIDS symptoms

A

i. weight loss
ii. fever, night sweats
iii. fatigue
iv. recurrent infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

AIDS diagnosis

A

i. an AIDS-defining illness, or

ii. CD4 count <200 cells/mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

AIDS-defining illness definition

A

infections/ cancers which are life-threatening to people infected with HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of AIDS-defining illnesses

A
  1. HSV-1 (Herpes simplex virus 1)
  2. salmonella (gut)
  3. Pneumocystis pneumonia
  4. Kaposi’s sarcoma
  5. Toxoplasmosis
  6. Candidiasis (or thrush)
  7. TUBERCULOSIS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome
* symptoms and illnesses that develops at the final stageof HIV infection, if left untreated
•It’s also called advanced or late-stage HIV infection.
•Result of destruction of the immune system (CD4 cells) by infection with HIV.
•May take 10 to 15 years to develop, depending on age, health and background.
•AIDS leads to death.
* Opportunistic infections are the hallmarks of AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

opportunistic infections definition

A

infections & infection-related cancers that occur more frequently or severely in people with weak immune systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fiebig Stages of Early HIV Infection:

A

The classification system used to describe various stages of early HIV infection and based on the timing and results of diagnostic tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Human Immuno-deficiency Virus

A

*is a retrovirus (Retroviridae)

•contains an RNA-based genome •integrates permanently into the host cell’s DNA-based genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cellular targets for HIV-1 infection

Minor coreceptors:

A
  • GPR1 (CD4Treg)
  • CX4CR1 (Macrophage)
  • APLNR (Glial)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cellular targets for HIV-1 infection

Co-receptors:

A

CXCR4 (X-4 tropic)
CCR5 (R5-tropic)
dual tropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cellular targets for HIV-1 infection

Main receptor:

A

Cluster of differentiation-4 (CD4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anatomical Targets for HIV-1 infection

Vaginal and penile mucosa

A
  • Epidermal LHCs capture HIV.
  • Migrate to lymph nodes.
  • Present HIV to CD4+T cells
  • Infection, spread!
  • Inflammation/STIs increases the risk of infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anatomical Targets for HIV-1 infection

Rectal mucosa

A
  • The rectal lining is very thin and easy to breach
  • Lymph glands are near the rectum.
  • These glands are rich in cells susceptible to HIV infection.
  • The risk of HIV infection 10 to 20 times greater than unprotected vaginal sex!
17
Q

Anatomical Targets for HIV-1 infection

Lymph nodes

A
  • These are the major reservoir and main site of persistent HIV replication.
  • Lymph nodes are major sites of B and T lymphocytes, and other white blood cells.
18
Q

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)

A
  • The gastro-intestinal tract is preferentiallyand profoundlyaffected during acute and chronic HIV infection.
  • It is a well-described site of HIV persistence.
19
Q

Antiretroviral drug resistance:

low genetic barrier to resistance

A

The virus develops resistance to the drug easily and quickly. Often a single drug resistance mutation is sufficient to cause high level drug resistance

20
Q

Antiretroviral drug resistance:

high genetic barrier to resistance

A

The virus develops resistance to the drug slower. Two or more drug resistance mutation are required to cause high-level drug resistance

21
Q

Tat

A

protein encoded for by tat gene in HIV-1

- regulatory protein that drastically enhances efficiency of viral transcription

22
Q

seroconservation

A

the time period during which a specific antibody develops & becomes detectable in the blood
- after this, antibodies can be detected in blood tests for diseases

23
Q

window period

A

time between HIV infection and point where test gives accurate result.
- person can have HIV & be infectious but still test HIV negative

24
Q

describe the immunological disease progression leading to AIDS

A
  1. rapid increase in viraemia in early acute phase which decline to setpoint
  2. decline in CD4+ T cells coincides with the increase in viral load
  3. HIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells responses reduce the viral load & an increase in CD4+ T cells is seen
  4. HIV-specific binding antibodies appear after the reduction of viraemia, but antibodies are detectable by ELISA only later in acute infection
  5. during chronic infection, CD4+ T cells declines slowly & viral load remains stable
  6. Neutralising antibodies begin to appear
  7. continued HIV replication & immune evasion exhausts the immune system, leading to opportunistic infection & AIDS
25
Q

clinical disease progression:

stage 1

A
  • develops within 1-2 weeks
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • HIV multiplies rapidly, spreads, attacks CD4+ cells
    • high risk of transmission
26
Q 
clinical disease progression:
chronic stage (clinical latency)
A
  • HIV replicates slowly
  • usually no HIV-related symptoms
  • can still transmit HIV
  • advances to AIDS (in 10 years or longer)
27
Q

clinical disease progression:

AIDS

A
  • final, most severe stage
  • opportunistic disease develop (CD4+ count < 200 cells/ml)
  • survival rate is low (about 3 years)
28
Q

Quasi-species

A

viral populations in an individual not uniform

29
Q

IRIS

A

immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

30
Q

microbicides

A

antiretroviral drugs

31
Q

glycan shield

A

sugary coat

32
Q

shock

A

induce HIV expression in latently infected cells through LRA (latency reversing agents)

33
Q

kill

A

destroy virus-infected cells by employing strategies involving HIV-specific CD8+ T cells

MOL MED block 4 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions