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Microbiology 1.1 > 1.2 History of Microbiology and Microbial Diversity > Flashcards

1.2 History of Microbiology and Microbial Diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In 1700’s what scientist discover?

A

They discover the chemical and physical basis of living things

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2
Q

Most of the microbial compounds of interest to Biologist are composed of units called?

A

Molecules

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3
Q

A precise arrangement of atom from different elements

A

Molecules

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4
Q

is a mass of molecules?

A

compound

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5
Q

The atoms in molecules may be joined to one another by various linkages called?

A

Bond

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6
Q

One example of a bond?

A

Ionic Bond

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7
Q

It is a bond when electrons of one atom transfer to a second atom, creating electrically charged atom called?

A

Ions

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8
Q

Different organisms need different complements of?

A

nutrients

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9
Q

Nutrients that required in large amounts is?

A

Macronutrients

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10
Q

Nutrients that required in just trace amounts?

A

Micronutrients

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11
Q

The subject matter of organic chemistry, are the compound associated with life processes in microorganism?

A

Organic Compound

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12
Q

Four major categories of organic compound are found in all microorganism

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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13
Q

Used by microorganisms as sources of energy

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

The most important monosaccharide is?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

The molecular formula of glucose is?

A

C6H12 O6

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16
Q

Is the basic from of fuel for many species of microorganism

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Why glucose is highly soluble?

A

Because glucose has lots of polar hydroxyl groups which can hydrogen-bond with water molecules.

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18
Q

the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage?

A

Disaccharides

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19
Q

Example of Disaccharides are?

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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20
Q

a kind of Disaccharides, when the combination of two glucose units covalently linked?

A

Maltose

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21
Q

a kind of Disaccharides, when it is composed of glucose and fructose?

A

Sucrose

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22
Q

a kind of Disaccharides, when it is composed of glucose and galactose?

A

Lactose

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23
Q

Formed by linking eight or more monosaccharide molecules

A

Polysaccharides

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24
Q

The most important polysaccharides is?

A

Starches

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25
Q

Serve as a storage form for carbohydrates?

A

Starches

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26
Q

Another important polysaccharide?

A

Glycogen

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27
Q

Many bacteria have glycogen in their?

A

cytoplasm

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28
Q

It is composed of glucose units, also the cell walls of algae contain of this?

A

Cellulose

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29
Q

This is also a example of polysaccharide and the primary constituent in the fungal cell wall?

A

Chitin

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30
Q

A organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

A

Lipids

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31
Q

Fats molecules are composed of a glycerol molecule and one, two, or three molecules of?

A

Fatty Acids

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32
Q

the fatty acids in a fat may be?

A

all alike or all different

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33
Q

The fatty acids are bound to the glycerol molecule during?

A

dehydration synthesis

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34
Q

The number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid may be as few as?

A

Four or as many as 24

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35
Q

This is the most complex of all organic compound?

A

Proteins

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36
Q

What kind of proteins that composed of units containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms?

A

Amino Acids

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37
Q

Certain amino acids also have?

A

sulfur atoms
phosphorus
other trace elements such as iron or copper

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38
Q

What does the R mean in amino acid?

A
  • it means they have a variety of shapes, sizes, charges, and reactivities
  • straight or branched carbon chains.
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39
Q

the major molecules from which microorganisms are constructed?

A

Proteins

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40
Q

composed of smaller units called?

A

Nucleic Acids

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41
Q

Provide example of nucleotides

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil .

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42
Q

The microorganism contain two important kinds of nucleic acid, what are those?

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

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43
Q

it is found primarily in nucleus of eukaryotic microorganism (which have nuclei) and suspended in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic microorganism (which lack nuclei)?

A

DNA

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44
Q

DNA is also locate in?

A

Plasmids

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45
Q

How many percent of the dry weight of a bacterial cell is carbon?

A

50%

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46
Q

Carbon is obtained from?

A

Amico Acids
Fatty Acids
Organic Acids
Sugars
Nitrogen bases
Aromatic Compounds

47
Q

why is carbon the most required element?

A

carbon’s ability to form stable bonds with many elements, including itself.

48
Q

What percent of nitrogen in a bacterial cell?

A

13%

49
Q

They are essentials nutrients for only a few organism and what they are?

A

Calcium (Ca)
Sodium (Na)

50
Q

This is a required for nucleic acids and phospholipids and is usually supplied to a cell as phosphate (PO4 2-)

A

Phosphorus

51
Q

Particular for marine microorganisms

A

Sodium

52
Q

Required for the activity of several enzymes?

A

Potassium

53
Q

Present in the amino acid cysteine and methionine

A

Sulfur

54
Q

A metal that has a major role in cellular respiration

A

Iron (Fe)

55
Q

Collectively micronutrients are called?

A

trace elements or trace metals

56
Q

Trace elements typically function as?

A

cofactors for enzymes

57
Q

a kind of organic micronutrients?

A

Growth Factors

58
Q

Common growth factors are?

A

vitamins

59
Q

A nutrient solution used to grow microorganisms

A

Culture Medium

60
Q

Laboratory culture is required for?

A

Study of any microorganism, careful attention must be paid to selection and preparation for laboratory culture to be successful

61
Q

Kind of media that prepared by adding precise amounts of pure inorganic or organic chemicals to distilled water

A

Defined Media

62
Q

The exact composition of a defined medium (_________) is known?

A

Both Qualitative and Quantitative sense

63
Q

Major importance in any culture media is the?

A

Carbon source

64
Q

Why Carbon source is a major importance in any culture medium?

A

Because all cells need large amounts of carbon to make new cell material

65
Q

Some defined media such as the one listed for Escherichia coli are considered?

A

Simple

66
Q

Why Escherichia coli are considered simple?

A

Because they contain only a single carbon source

67
Q

This media are made from digests of microbial, animal, or plant products, such as casein (milk protein), beef (beef extract), soybeans (tryptic soy broth), yeast cells (yeast extract) or any of a number of other highly nutritious substances?

A

Complex media

68
Q

What is the disadvantage of complex medium?

A

The disadvantage of complex medium is that nutritional composition is not known precisely

69
Q

Used for the culture pf nutritionally demanding microorganism, many of which are pathogens

A

Enriched Medium

70
Q

Culture media are sometimes prepared two especially media used in diagnostic microbiology, and what are those?

A

Selective
Differential
Both

71
Q

This contains of compounds that inhibit the growth of some microorganism but not other

A

Selective Medium

72
Q

Selective Media are available for the isolation of certain pathogens such as?

A

Strains of Salmonella or Escherichia coli that cause foodborne illnesses

73
Q

It is a indicator, typically a dye, is added, which reveals by a color change whether a particular metabolic reaction has occurred during growth?

A

Differential Medium

74
Q

Differential media are used for?

A

distinguishing bacteria and are widely used in clinical diagnostics and systematic microbiology

75
Q

They are solidified with agar, typically at 1-2%

A

Liquid Culture Media

76
Q

They are immobilize cells that allows them to grow and form visible.

A

Solid Media

77
Q

Isolated masses called?

A

Colonies

78
Q

They have a various shapes and sizes depending on the organism, the culture conditions

A

Microbial colonies

79
Q

What microorganism produce?

A

They produce pigments that cause the entire colony to be colored

80
Q

Why colonies permit the microbiologist?

A

To visualize the composition and presumptive purity of a culture

81
Q

Culture media must be sterilized before use, and sterilization is achieved by heating the medium in an?

A

Autoclave

82
Q

Once a sterile culture has been prepared it is ready for?

A

Inoculation

83
Q

It is a series of steps to prevent contamination during manipulations of cultures manipulations of cultures and sterile culture media?

A

Aseptic Technique

84
Q

Because microbial cytoplasm is usually transparent, it is necessary to stain microorganism before they can be view with a?

A

Light microscope

85
Q

In some cases, staining us unnecessary because?

A

When microorganism are very large or when motility is to be studied and a drop of the microorganism can be placed directly on the slide and observed

86
Q

In preparation for staining, a small sample of microorganisms is placed on a?

A

Slide and permitted to air dry

87
Q

The smear is heat fixed by quickly passing it over a?

A

Flame

88
Q

Heat fixing kills the organism, make the, adhere to the slide, and permits them?

A

to accept the stain

89
Q

Staining can be performed with basic dye such as?

A

Crystal Violet or Methylene Blue

90
Q

An alternative is to use a dye such as?

A

Nigrosin or Congo res, Acidic, negatively charged dyes

91
Q

They are repelled by negatively charged cytoplasm and gather around the cells, leaving the cells clear and unstained

A

~ negative stain technique

92
Q

It can distinguish two kinds of organism?

A

Differential Stain Technique

93
Q

Example of Differential Stain Technique is?

A

The Gram Stain Technique (Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria

94
Q

Crystal violet is first applied followed by the mordant iodine, which fixes the?

A

Stain

95
Q

Then the slide is washed with alcohol, and the Gram positive bacteria retain the?

A

Crystal violet iodine stain

96
Q

Gram negative bacteria?

A

Lose the Stain

97
Q

The gram negative bacteria subsequently stain with the?

A

safranin dye, the counterstain use next.

98
Q

These bacteria appear red under the?

A

oil immersion lens

99
Q

While Gram Positive Bacteria appear

A

blue or purple

100
Q

They reflect the?

A

crystal violet retained during the washing step

101
Q

It differentiates species of Mycobacterium from other bacteria?

A

Acid Fast Technique

102
Q

Used to carry the first stain, carbolfuchsin, into the cells?

A

Heat or a lipid solvent

103
Q

Then the cells are washed with a?

A

Dilute Acid Alcohol Solution

104
Q

It resist the effect of the acid alcohol and retain the carbolfuchsin stain (bright red)?

A

Mycobacterium species

105
Q

Other bacteria lose the stain and take on the?

A

subsequent methylene blue stain (blue)

106
Q

The acid-fast bacteria appear?

A

bright red

107
Q

while the nonacid fast bacteria appear?

A

blue when observed under oil immersion microscopy

108
Q

Other stain techniques seek to identify various

A

bacterial structures of importance

109
Q

Special stain technique highlights the?

A

flagella of bacteria by coating the flagella with dyes or metals to increase their width

110
Q

is used with heat to force stain into the cells and give them color (spores)?

A

Malachite Green

111
Q

Is used to give color to the non spore forming bacteria?

A

Safranin

112
Q

At the end of the procedures spore stain?

A

green

113
Q

and other cells stain?

A

red

Microbiology 1.1 (2 decks)

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