1.2 History of Microbiology and Microbial Diversity Flashcards
1
Q
In 1700’s what scientist discover?
A
They discover the chemical and physical basis of living things
2
Q
Most of the microbial compounds of interest to Biologist are composed of units called?
A
Molecules
3
Q
A precise arrangement of atom from different elements
A
Molecules
4
Q
is a mass of molecules?
A
compound
5
Q
The atoms in molecules may be joined to one another by various linkages called?
A
Bond
6
Q
One example of a bond?
A
Ionic Bond
7
Q
It is a bond when electrons of one atom transfer to a second atom, creating electrically charged atom called?
A
Ions
8
Q
Different organisms need different complements of?
A
nutrients
9
Q
Nutrients that required in large amounts is?
A
Macronutrients
10
Q
Nutrients that required in just trace amounts?
A
Micronutrients
11
Q
The subject matter of organic chemistry, are the compound associated with life processes in microorganism?
A
Organic Compound
12
Q
Four major categories of organic compound are found in all microorganism
A
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
13
Q
Used by microorganisms as sources of energy
A
Carbohydrates
14
Q
The most important monosaccharide is?
A
Glucose
15
Q
The molecular formula of glucose is?
A
C6H12 O6
16
Q
Is the basic from of fuel for many species of microorganism
A
Glucose
17
Q
Why glucose is highly soluble?
A
Because glucose has lots of polar hydroxyl groups which can hydrogen-bond with water molecules.
18
Q
the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage?
A
Disaccharides
19
Q
Example of Disaccharides are?
A
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
20
Q
a kind of Disaccharides, when the combination of two glucose units covalently linked?
A
Maltose
21
Q
a kind of Disaccharides, when it is composed of glucose and fructose?
A
Sucrose
22
Q
a kind of Disaccharides, when it is composed of glucose and galactose?
A
Lactose
23
Q
Formed by linking eight or more monosaccharide molecules
A
Polysaccharides
24
Q
The most important polysaccharides is?
A
Starches
25
Serve as a storage form for carbohydrates?
Starches
26
Another important polysaccharide?
Glycogen
27
Many bacteria have glycogen in their?
cytoplasm
28
It is composed of glucose units, also the cell walls of algae contain of this?
Cellulose
29
This is also a example of polysaccharide and the primary constituent in the fungal cell wall?
Chitin
30
A organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Lipids
31
Fats molecules are composed of a glycerol molecule and one, two, or three molecules of?
Fatty Acids
32
the fatty acids in a fat may be?
all alike or all different
33
The fatty acids are bound to the glycerol molecule during?
dehydration synthesis
34
The number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid may be as few as?
Four or as many as 24
35
This is the most complex of all organic compound?
Proteins
36
What kind of proteins that composed of units containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms?
Amino Acids
37
Certain amino acids also have?
sulfur atoms
phosphorus
other trace elements such as iron or copper
38
What does the R mean in amino acid?
- it means they have a variety of shapes, sizes, charges, and reactivities
- straight or branched carbon chains.
39
the major molecules from which microorganisms are constructed?
Proteins
40
composed of smaller units called?
Nucleic Acids
41
Provide example of nucleotides
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil .
42
The microorganism contain two important kinds of nucleic acid, what are those?
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
43
it is found primarily in nucleus of eukaryotic microorganism (which have nuclei) and suspended in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic microorganism (which lack nuclei)?
DNA
44
DNA is also locate in?
Plasmids
45
How many percent of the dry weight of a bacterial cell is carbon?
50%
46
Carbon is obtained from?
Amico Acids
Fatty Acids
Organic Acids
Sugars
Nitrogen bases
Aromatic Compounds
47
why is carbon the most required element?
carbon's ability to form stable bonds with many elements, including itself.
48
What percent of nitrogen in a bacterial cell?
13%
49
They are essentials nutrients for only a few organism and what they are?
Calcium (Ca)
Sodium (Na)
50
This is a required for nucleic acids and phospholipids and is usually supplied to a cell as phosphate (PO4 2-)
Phosphorus
51
Particular for marine microorganisms
Sodium
52
Required for the activity of several enzymes?
Potassium
53
Present in the amino acid cysteine and methionine
Sulfur
54
A metal that has a major role in cellular respiration
Iron (Fe)
55
Collectively micronutrients are called?
trace elements or trace metals
56
Trace elements typically function as?
cofactors for enzymes
57
a kind of organic micronutrients?
Growth Factors
58
Common growth factors are?
vitamins
59
A nutrient solution used to grow microorganisms
Culture Medium
60
Laboratory culture is required for?
Study of any microorganism, careful attention must be paid to selection and preparation for laboratory culture to be successful
61
Kind of media that prepared by adding precise amounts of pure inorganic or organic chemicals to distilled water
Defined Media
62
The exact composition of a defined medium (_________) is known?
Both Qualitative and Quantitative sense
63
Major importance in any culture media is the?
Carbon source
64
Why Carbon source is a major importance in any culture medium?
Because all cells need large amounts of carbon to make new cell material
65
Some defined media such as the one listed for Escherichia coli are considered?
Simple
66
Why Escherichia coli are considered simple?
Because they contain only a single carbon source
67
This media are made from digests of microbial, animal, or plant products, such as casein (milk protein), beef (beef extract), soybeans (tryptic soy broth), yeast cells (yeast extract) or any of a number of other highly nutritious substances?
Complex media
68
What is the disadvantage of complex medium?
The disadvantage of complex medium is that nutritional composition is not known precisely
69
Used for the culture pf nutritionally demanding microorganism, many of which are pathogens
Enriched Medium
70
Culture media are sometimes prepared two especially media used in diagnostic microbiology, and what are those?
Selective
Differential
Both
71
This contains of compounds that inhibit the growth of some microorganism but not other
Selective Medium
72
Selective Media are available for the isolation of certain pathogens such as?
Strains of Salmonella or Escherichia coli that cause foodborne illnesses
73
It is a indicator, typically a dye, is added, which reveals by a color change whether a particular metabolic reaction has occurred during growth?
Differential Medium
74
Differential media are used for?
distinguishing bacteria and are widely used in clinical diagnostics and systematic microbiology
75
They are solidified with agar, typically at 1-2%
Liquid Culture Media
76
They are immobilize cells that allows them to grow and form visible.
Solid Media
77
Isolated masses called?
Colonies
78
They have a various shapes and sizes depending on the organism, the culture conditions
Microbial colonies
79
What microorganism produce?
They produce pigments that cause the entire colony to be colored
80
Why colonies permit the microbiologist?
To visualize the composition and presumptive purity of a culture
81
Culture media must be sterilized before use, and sterilization is achieved by heating the medium in an?
Autoclave
82
Once a sterile culture has been prepared it is ready for?
Inoculation
83
It is a series of steps to prevent contamination during manipulations of cultures manipulations of cultures and sterile culture media?
Aseptic Technique
84
Because microbial cytoplasm is usually transparent, it is necessary to stain microorganism before they can be view with a?
Light microscope
85
In some cases, staining us unnecessary because?
When microorganism are very large or when motility is to be studied and a drop of the microorganism can be placed directly on the slide and observed
86
In preparation for staining, a small sample of microorganisms is placed on a?
Slide and permitted to air dry
87
The smear is heat fixed by quickly passing it over a?
Flame
88
Heat fixing kills the organism, make the, adhere to the slide, and permits them?
to accept the stain
89
Staining can be performed with basic dye such as?
Crystal Violet or Methylene Blue
90
An alternative is to use a dye such as?
Nigrosin or Congo res, Acidic, negatively charged dyes
91
They are repelled by negatively charged cytoplasm and gather around the cells, leaving the cells clear and unstained
~ negative stain technique
92
It can distinguish two kinds of organism?
Differential Stain Technique
93
Example of Differential Stain Technique is?
The Gram Stain Technique (Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria
94
Crystal violet is first applied followed by the mordant iodine, which fixes the?
Stain
95
Then the slide is washed with alcohol, and the Gram positive bacteria retain the?
Crystal violet iodine stain
96
Gram negative bacteria?
Lose the Stain
97
The gram negative bacteria subsequently stain with the?
safranin dye, the counterstain use next.
98
These bacteria appear red under the?
oil immersion lens
99
While Gram Positive Bacteria appear
blue or purple
100
They reflect the?
crystal violet retained during the washing step
101
It differentiates species of Mycobacterium from other bacteria?
Acid Fast Technique
102
Used to carry the first stain, carbolfuchsin, into the cells?
Heat or a lipid solvent
103
Then the cells are washed with a?
Dilute Acid Alcohol Solution
104
It resist the effect of the acid alcohol and retain the carbolfuchsin stain (bright red)?
Mycobacterium species
105
Other bacteria lose the stain and take on the?
subsequent methylene blue stain (blue)
106
The acid-fast bacteria appear?
bright red
107
while the nonacid fast bacteria appear?
blue when observed under oil immersion microscopy
108
Other stain techniques seek to identify various
bacterial structures of importance
109
Special stain technique highlights the?
flagella of bacteria by coating the flagella with dyes or metals to increase their width
110
is used with heat to force stain into the cells and give them color (spores)?
Malachite Green
111
Is used to give color to the non spore forming bacteria?
Safranin
112
At the end of the procedures spore stain?
green
113
and other cells stain?
red
