1.2 Hardware Flashcards
Router
Connects different networks
Works at network layer
Stores net layout in a routing table
Switches
Similar to Router but send between individual devices on their LAN using MAC address.
Work at Data Link Layer
MAC Address
Media Access Control.
What switch is used onboard?
NavIS
Hubs
Read incoming packets and transmit outbound.
Works at Physical Layer.
Repeater
Similar to HUB but used to extend distance.
Works at Physical Layer.
Array
A storage system which contains multiple storage drives.
Features cache memory, RAID, encryption.
RAID
Redundant Array of Independant Disks
Provide protection and recovery from hardware defects and read errors.
We use RAID 5 (Distributed Parity), which requires at least 3 drives.
Works by striping the data and calculating a parity using XOR. If one drive fails, the parity can be used to calculate the missing bit and write it on a new drive to recover the data.
SAS
Serial Attached SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
Connects storage arrays in CMS to computer systems IOT transfer data using serial signalling.
SATA II
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
Connects storage arrays in CMS to computer systems IOT transfer data using serial signalling.
Cross compatible with SAS.
Shared SAS
Attaching a storage array to multiple servers.
Transmission mediums
Medium which propogates energy waves (EM, Sound)
Copper
Fibre
RF
Waveguides
Water
Twisted Pair Cabling
Two conductors are twisted together.
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Outer jacket
Ripcord
Twisted wires
Shielded Twisted Pair
3 types:
Foil on outer shell
Foil on each pair
Foil on both
Shielded Twisted Pair
3 types:
Foil on outer shell
Foil on each pair
Foil on both
CAT Cable
9 different types of Cat Cable.
Ethernet Naming: Physical mediums
T: Twisted Pair
F: Fibre Optic
S: Short Range Fibre
L: Long Range Fibre
K: Copper backplane
C: Balanced copper cable
B: Two wavelengths over single optical cable
S: Short range multi-mode optical cable
L: Long range optical cable
E: Extended range optical cable
Z: Long range single mode cable
Ethernet naming: Speeds
10 = 10 megabits
10G = 10 gigabits
Ethernet naming: Frequencies
BASE: Baseband - narrow freq range (single signal)
BROAD: Broadband - wide freq range (muliple signals)
PASS: Passband - regulated freq range (for multiplexing)
Encoding
X: 4B/5B block coding
R: 64B/66B block coding
Block Coding
4B/5B maps 4 bits of data onto groups of 5 bits for transmission. So it sends 5 bits in a 4 bit string because it has a table to convert.
Ethernet naming: 100 Base 1
Serial
Construction of COAX
Jacket
Shield
Insulator
Core
Ethernet Naming: T
Twisted Pair
Ethernet naming: F
Fibre Optic
Ethernet naming: S
Short Range Fibre
Ethernet Naming: L
Long Range Fibre (100m - 10km)
Ethernet naming: K
Copper backplane
Ethernet naming: C
Balanced Copper cable
Ethernet naming: B
Optical cable, two wavelengths
Ethernet naming: Z
Short range multimodal optical cable
Ethernet naming: E
Extended range optical cable (10km to 40km)
Ethernet naming: X
4B/5B block encoding
Ethernet naming: R
64B/66B block encoding
Ethernet naming: 1
Serial (but implied, not written)
Ethernet naming: 4 or 10
Number of parallel lanes, available for copper wire
Ethernet naming: BASE
Baseband
Narrow freq range
One signal on cable
Ethernet naming: BROAD
Broadband
Wide frequency range
Multiple signals on same channel
PASS
Passband
Regulated frequency range
Allows multiplexing
What is 10 BASE T
Ordinary telephone twisted pair, used for Ethernet LANs
What is Thinnet?
10 Base 2
What is the military version of Thinnet?
RG-58 C/U
What is thicknet?
10 Base 5
Center conductor
Dielectric
Foil
Braid
Foil
Braid
Outer jacket
Advantages of Optical Fibre
Low attenuation
Immune to noise
High bandwidth
Secure (difficult to tap)
What is single mode fibre optic cable?
Small diamettral core that allows a single mode of light to propagate. 9 microns.
Low attenuation.
Lower bandwidth.
What is multimode optic fibre?
Large diametral core that allows multiple modes of light ot propagate. 62.5 or 50 microns.
More data can pass through.
Because of the spread of arrival time at the recieving point, there is a need to leave space between pulses which limits the amount of data which can be sent, especially over large distance where this effect is amplified.
What are the components of a fibre optic cable?
Core
Cladding
Tube
Outer Sheath.
What is Gigabit Ethernet?
Server to swtich connectivity.
1Gbps minimum.
What is OFDM
Orthnoganal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Uses overlapping signals to carry data on several parallel channels.
What is the current WiFi standard
IEEE 802.11n
What is SISO? SIMO? MISO? MIMO?
Single Input Single Output
Single Input Multiple Output
Multiple Input Single Output
Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIMO uses multiple antennas to transmit mutliple signals and combine them at the reciever to reduce interference and error.
Transmits into medium, not into a device.
What is bluetooth?
Transmits data in packets on 79 channels and uses frequency hopping.
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
Communication standards for digital transmission over Public Switched Telephone Network
BRI and PRI
What is BRI
Basic Rate Interface
2x 64 kbps “B” channels
1x 16 kbps “D” channels
What is PRI?
Primary Rate Interface
23x 64 kbps “B” channels
1x 16 kbps “D” channel
100 Base 4 or 100 Base 10
Parallel, copper
100 Base 5
Fibre.
Any number except 1, 4, or 10 is fibre.
What is a Firewall?
Restricts internet traffic into, out of, and within a private network.
Works at the Network and Transport layers.
Draw and label the Thicknet cable.
Draw and label the Thinnet cable.
What is a NIC?
Network Interface Card.
Works at the Data Link. It implements the phyiscal layer circuitry to communicate with a data link layer standard such as ethernet or wifi.
It controls data flow in and out of devices.
What is a network Bridge?
Used to connect two networks. Typically used to connect a legacy network which can no longer be expanded.
What layer is a network Switch?
Layer 2.
A switch will manage connections on the network.
What layer is a Hub?
Layer 1.
Basically creates a bus, making it essentially just a physical component. No thinking.
What layer is a Router?
Layer 2.
It uses IP addressing IOT to do higher level switching.
What are the 3 techniques used in RAID?
Parity, Mirroring, Striping
Label the FIbre cable
Label the Fiber cable
