12- Goal-Directed Behaviour

Question 1

Thorndike’s Laws of Learning

Answer 1

• Law of Effect, behaviour that leads to a positive outcome is more likely to occur in the future
• Law of Exercise, connections between responses and outcomes are strengthened by repetition
• Law of Readiness, learning is motivated by an internal state

Question 2

What is a reinforcer in operant conditioning

Answer 2

Stimulus/event that increases to likelihood of the preceding behaviour to occur

Question 3

What is a positive reinforcer in operant conditioning

Answer 3

Stimulus (usually positive) produced by the behaviour that increases the likelihood of the preceding behaviour to occur

Question 4

What is a negative reinforcer in operant conditioning

Answer 4

Stimulus (usually negative) eliminated by the behaviour that increases the likelihood of the preceding behaviour to occur

Question 5

What is punishment in operant conditioning

Answer 5

Negative stimulus/event that decreases the likelihood of the preceding behaviour to occur

Question 6

What is omission in operant conditioning

Answer 6

Elimination of positive reinforcer decreases the likelihood of preceding behaviour

Question 7

What is continuous reinforcement

Answer 7

Each behavioural response is reinforced

Question 8

What is partial reinforcement

Answer 8

Behaviour is reinforced only part of the time

Question 9

What are ratio schedules

Answer 9

Reinforcement given after every nth response

Question 10

What are interval schedules

Answer 10

Reinforcement given after certain amount of time

Question 11

What are fixed schedules

Answer 11

Reward requirements/intervals constant

Question 12

What are variable schedules

Answer 12

Response requirement/interval varies around average