1.2 Development Dynamics

Question 1

what does the relief of india tell you about it?

Answer 1

lone coastline on both east and west: provides trade opportunities; numerous large river systems: provide water for irrigation and agriculture

Question 2

what does the railway network tell you about india?

Answer 2

dense railway network esp. central north; few areas w little/no railways - north-east: connects states, promotes trade and provides public transport; isolated regions may lead to limited economic growth

Question 3

what does the per capita income tell you about india?

Answer 3

social/economic inequalities; major cities lead to concentrated development; some landlocked states lack trade opportunities

Question 4

how has colonialism affected india?

Answer 4

links to frank’s model; more trade links; ethnic and religious tensions; problems associates w rapid migration

Question 5

how has partition w pakistan affected india?

Answer 5

political instability; social and economic problems in Kashmir; religious tensions; risk of war

Question 6

how has neighbouring china affected india?

Answer 6

risk of (nuclear) war due to border disputes, trade routes in indian ocean; risk of water shortages; economic rivalry

Question 7

how has being a member of the UN affected india?

Answer 7

allows for political stability, democracy and human rights; can develop trade relationships; cultural exchange; neo-colonialism

Question 8

how does the caste system affect india?

Answer 8

social division rooted in Hindu society based on occupation and hereditary; increase access to education , rapid economic growth and gov. policies are helping to break down social barriers

Question 9

what is trade deficit?

Answer 9

when a country is importing more than exporting

Question 10

what is outsourcing?

Answer 10

the concept of taking internal company functions and paying an outside firm to handle them

Question 11

what is an open economy?

Answer 11

a country w few trade barriers, which encourages trade w other countries

Question 12

what is industrialisation?

Answer 12

the move from an economy dominated by the primary sector to one dominated by the secondary sector

Question 13

what is the multiplier effect?

Answer 13

spin-off from one growing business, allowing other businesses to grow as well

Question 14

which is foreign direct investment?

Answer 14

overseas investment in physical capital by TNCs

Question 15

describe the gov policies and globalisation processes which have influenced india’s economic growth

Answer 15

from 1965 to late 1970s, india went through a phase of low economic growth due to having a closed economy; in he early 1980s, an open indian economy was created by reducing import tariffs and allowing businesses to open wo gov. approval; in 1986, more paid school places for children of lower castes introduced and promotion of rural universities to kick-start economic development in poorer areas; in 1987, Amex (a USA TNC) opened a call centre to take adv. of english speaking grads; from 2001 to 2011, adult literacy rate increased by 10% from 64.8 to 74 due to educational reforms; in 2008, india was undertaking 65% of all IT outsourcing globally; thanks to the gov encouraging an open economy and outsourcing, india’s manufacturing sector was 6th largest in the world in 2008 and cont. to grow; tourism in 2014 accounted for 6.8% of total GDP -39 m people working in tourism

Question 16

why/how does a core region develop?

Answer 16

positive multiplier effect - investment = growth of industry = needs workforce = people move there = need houses, services and water = workers needed to build and provide these = need food = shops open, more services needed = demand for more workers etc. = growth continues and settlements and economy expand

Question 17

why does a periphery region decline/stagnate?

Answer 17

no investment in land improvement, machinery or materials = subsistence agriculture = little/no surplus farm produce = little/no income = no investment etc.

Question 18

how has globalisation continued to increase regional disparities in india?

Answer 18

globalisation = investment in core regions = mainly secondary and tertiary jobs = migration encouraged by abundance of jobs and opportunities = increase in demands = more investment; region disparities due to difference in investment

Question 19

how does economic development impact the attitudes towards women?

Answer 19

economic growth = more job opportunities for women; may also result in better and cheaper education to encourage youth to learn - more girls will be sent to school; also heath reform; these are all concentrated in wealthier states/castes, so gender inequality is higher in lower castes

Question 20

what impact has globalisation had on india’s natural environment?

Answer 20

increase in air pollution due to pop. increase and increase in industrialisation and transport - e.g. Delhi, 153 micrograms/cubic metre of air; increase in water shortages and pollution due to constant flow of untreated waste and industrial water polluting rivers, 370 major towns and cities lie along the course of these rivers, but only 30% of urban waste is treated; increase in deforestation and desertification (25% of land), 80% is prone to drought, biggest cause of deforestation is the mining industry, others inc. irrigation industries; increase in gng emissions - 71% due to energy, 18% due to agriculture, as people get wealthier, lifestyle changes e.g. eating more meat, may contribute to emissions, development, industrialisation and pop. growth leads to more demand for electricity

Question 21

how had india/s international role changed?

Answer 21

foreign exchange reserves grown from $2b to over $300b in 60 years; on track to becoming the third largest economy in the world; part of BRICS and 6-20; has signed up to the Paris agreement to tackle climate change, heavily invested in renewable energy - positive influence

Question 22

what do BRICS do?

Answer 22

set up New Development Bank - provides advice and loans for infrastructure and sustainable development projects

Question 23

what do G-20 do?

Answer 23

promotes international cooperation between countries; focuses primarily on trade but also tackles issues e.g. climate change, terrorism

Question 24

what are the economic adv. and dis-adv. of india’s rapid economic growth?

Answer 24

adv. : TNCs provide employment and training; increased affluence for many
dis-adv. : some TNCs undertaking FDI exploit workers, not paying much tax and competing w india’s small businesses

Question 25

what are the social adv. and dis-adv. of india’s rapid economic growth?

Answer 25

adv. : poverty levels have fallen from 37% to 22% in 7 years; improvements in life expectancy and literacy; large economically active pop. provides large labour force
dis-adv. : one third of pop. still live below the international poverty line - 400 million people; 40 of the world’s malnourished children are in India; increasing issue of gender selective abortions

Question 26

what are the envrionmental adv. and dis-adv. of india’s rapid economic growth?

Answer 26

investment of $6.2b of tax reserve to reforest 12% of country to create additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 b tonnes of CO2 equivalent; signed up to Paris Agreement
dis-adv. : in 2013, environmental degradation costing $80 b per year - 6% of GDP; increased water and air pollution; land degradation

Question 27

what are the political adv. and dis-adv. of india’s rapid economic growth?

Answer 27

adv. : part of BRICS and G-20 - increasing geopolitical and trade influence; gov. approach to pen economy resulted in rapid economic growth
dis-adv. some people still believe india is prioritising trade than welfare of citizens who live w poverty; corruption is still a significant issue