1.1 Development Dynamics Flashcards
what is the human development index?
a composite statistic of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators used to rank countries into four tiers of human development - the higher, the more developed
what is the GINI coefficient?
a measure of income distribution of a nation’s residents; used to measure inequality; scored from 0-1, the higher, the more inequality
what is the corruptions perceptions index?
a ranking of countries based on their perceived levels of corruption based on data and public surveys - lower the rank, the less corrupt
how does the physical environment of countries affect global inequality?
landlocked and mountainous countries develop slower than coastal nations as no access tot he sea makes it harder for them to trade; countries with tropical climates also could develop slower bc of increased rates of disease; countries which are prone to natural disasters also tend to develop slower as is it hard to develop while coping with a humanitarian crisis
how does colonialism and neo-colonialism affect global inequality?
european countries expanded their territories around the world and exploited them for economic gain by creating unequal trade laws; neo-colonialism is whereby developed countries dominate developing ones by exploiting the resources and distorting their economies through free trade
how does political and economic policies affect global inequality?
countries w open economies develop faster than those w closed ones - it encourages foreign investment, which creates jobs, increases tax revenue and encourages infrastructure development
political mismanagement and corruption can lead to slow development or even recession
how does social investment affect global inequality?
nations which invest in healthcare and education tend to develop faster as a healthy, well-educated workforce would attract foreign investment and accelerate development
what are the consequences of global inequality?
lack of ability to invest in agriculture or industry - food supply doesn’t keep pace w population, famine, limited economic growth; vulnerability to natural disasters - dependency of foreign aid, stifles economic growth; corruption - rich-poor gap grows, human rights infringed
describe the traditional society stage of rostow’s modernisation theory
limited technology; most people work in primary Industry and in rural areas
describe the pre-conditions for take-off stage of rostow’s modernisation theory
a few v low technology industries that require a lot of workers begin to develop; transport infrastructure is created e.g. railways and canals
describe the take-off stage of rostow’s modernisation theory
rapid growth of the secondary industry and better infrastructure; steady growth of economy; banking and trade developed to support growth
describe the drive to maturity stage of rostow’s modernisation theory
economic growth extends to all parts of the economy (p,s,t); new industries develop to replace old, out-dated ones
describe the high mass consumption stage of rostow’s modernisation theory
economy is self-sustaining w little help from gov. bc people buy lots of products and services which keeps businesses growing; welfare is fully developed and trade continues to expand
describe frank’s dependency theory
colonialism is a cause of poverty for developing countries bc developed ones become rich by exploiting their natural resources; neo-colonialism si the modern equivalent - developing countries benefit more from the capitalist system; frank believed socialism was fairer
what were the criticisms of rostow’s modernisation theory?
it assumes all countries start w the same resources; it assumes there is only one set path to development; the take-off stage has proved v difficult for many countries to achieve; it is outdated and a simplification of a complex process
