12 Decision Making Flashcards
What is Decision making?
A decision involves the selection of one option among several. It typically involves the evaluation of the expected outcomes associated with each option.
The subjective value of an item is made up of multiple variables that include payoff amount, context, probability, and effort/cost. temporal discounting, novelty and preference
Cognition is difficult and costly, partially because of peoples’ limited processing capacity.
What is System 1 of the dual system model of decision-making?
- Processes of an experiential-affective nature
- Predominantly automatic
- Associative
- Raid
- Undemanding
- System that tells your choice just feels right.
What is System 2 of the dual system model of decision-making?
- Rational and analytic in nature
- Controlled
- Deliberative
- Rule-based
- Slow
- Conscious
What is Temporal Discounting?
Through waiting, you receive an increased payout.
What is the Marginal Value Theorem?
Optimum time spent exploring a habitat before moving elsewhere.
What part of our brain fires when telling us to search the next patch of land?
Anterior Cingulate Cortex Neurons, when firing hit twice the normal rate, that is when an animal leaves the patch.
What is the involvement of the amygdala in emotional processing?
Damage to the anterior temporal loves, including the amygdala, produces the Kluver-Bucy syndrome.
- Consumption of almost anything
- Increased sexual activity
- Investigate objects with the mouth
- A LACK OF FEAR
How does PhineasGage Ventral Media PFC lesion affect emotional processing?
He was indulging at times, with the grossest profanity, impatient with restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires.
What is Damasio’s Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH)?
When faced with complex decisions we make choices that are in our best interest only after properly weighing potential short-term and long-term outcomes.
An idea of the SMH is that when these outcomes are ambiguous or uncertain, then emotions and feelings are essential to making a decision.
The VMPC (particular orbitofrontal) is critical for triggering various bodily changes (somatic states) in response to stimuli such as cues for reward or punishment.
Somatic markers facilitate decision-making by influencing potential response via their affective value.
What is the Iowa Gambling Task?
The gambling task where initially people pick the first deck where they are winning and switch over when they realise it’s not good, whereas people with amygdala damage will stay on the bad deck.
The amygdala damage group did not have any emotional effect, whereas the normal group had a high emotional response throughout the task.
What are Somatic Markers (SM)?
Posits that affect (consisting of emotions, feelings and drives) facilitates and expand cognition, are grounded in states of bodily physiology can on the processing of those states in the entire nervous system and are shaped by a person’s past experiences in similar situations.
SM can operate in both type 1 and type 2 modes.
An example of when the prefrontal cortex is inhibited?
Alcohol intoxication.
Threat/Fear
Reactive vs Cognitive Fear
Reactive Fear - Fast escape decisions
Cognitive Fear - Slow, strategic escape
Study on fear and its role in modulating information acquisition for decision-making, what did it show? hint. comedy show.
The fearful group sampled the environment many more times. They would keep pressing one button then two.
This suggests immediate threats can:
- Inhibit the prefrontal activity
- Compromise choice behaviour because of inflexibility
Isn’t always helpful.
How has evolution shaped our response to unexpected threats?
Fight, Flight or Freeze
System 1 response?
