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Biology A level > 1.2-Cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

1.2-Cell structure and organisation Flashcards

1
Q

Define organelle?

A

Are specialised parts of cell that have specific function to preform.

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2
Q

Define ultracentrifuge?

A

Machine to break part cells by density.

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3
Q

Define buffer?

A

Maintains a constant PH.

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4
Q

Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Flattened membrane, double membrane of cristae lead to make nuclear envelope.

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5
Q

Function of (Rough) Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Covered in ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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6
Q

Function of (smooth) Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Synthesis of protein and transport lipids.

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7
Q

Function of Secretory vesicles?

A

Transfer secretory products to be secreted.

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8
Q

Function of Golgi body?

A

Modifies and packages protein.
Produce glycoproteins
Secretes carbohydrates.

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9
Q

Function of Mitochondria?

A

Provide ATP for exocytosis.
cristae increase surface area for ATP synthesis.
Aerobic respiration occur here.

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10
Q

Function of Lysosomes?

A

Contain lysozymes.
Break down old organelles.

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11
Q

Function of Cell wall?

A

Made up from cellulose microfibrils and pectin.
Provide strength to plant.
Fully permeable for transport substances.

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12
Q

Function of vacuole?

A

Contain cell sap and surrounded by tonoplast membrane.

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13
Q

Function of Ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis for carrier protein.

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14
Q

Function of nuclear pore?

A

Allow mRNA and nucleus to leave.

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15
Q

Function of Chromatin?

A

DNA coils bound to protein coded for protein synthesis.

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16
Q

Function of Nucleolus?

A

rRNA and ribosomes are made here.

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17
Q

Function of nucleus?

A

Contain DNA coded for production of protein.

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18
Q

Function of nuclear envelope?

A

Allows mRNA and ribosomes pass out of the nucleus.

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19
Q

Function of Chloroplast?

A

Thylakoid membrane contains chloroplast contain chlorophyll, a pigment that traps light for photosynthesis.

20
Q

Function of Cell plasma membrane?

A

Allow certain molecules through.

21
Q

Why mitochondria have different shape?

A

-Newly formed
-Different angles.

22
Q

Define prokaryotic?

A

-Type of cell that doesn’t contain membrane bound organelle.
-Bacteria
-DNA free in cytoplasm
-Ribosomes 70s.
-Peptidoglycan cell wall.
-Mesosome for aerobic respiration.

23
Q

Define Eukaryotic?

A

-Type of cell that contain nucleus along with membrane bound organelle.
-Animal and plant cell
-DNA free in nucleus
-Ribosomes 80s.
-cellulose cell wall.
-Mitochondria for aerobic respiration.

24
Q

Define Acellular?

A

Not mad up of cells.

25
Q

Define Peptidoglycan?

A

Cell wall made up of for Bacteria.

26
Q

Define bacteriophage?

A

Virus infects a bacteria.

27
Q

Calculations? 2mm to ym
32000ym to mm

A

-Eg. 2mm to ym
= 2x1000
=2000ym
-Eg. 32000ym to m
= 32000/1000
=32mm

27
Q

3 principles of cell ?

A

All living organisms are compared.
Cells is basic unit of life.
cells can only arise from pre-existing cells.

28
Q

Define cell?

A

Smallest unit of life.

29
Q

Define Tissue?

A

A group of similar cells performing a specific function working together.

30
Q

Define Organ system?

A

A system of organs working together.

31
Q

Define organ?

A

Different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

32
Q

Define Organism?

A

All system working together forming discrete individual.

33
Q

Define Differentiation?

A

Process of developing into a more specialised form and function.

34
Q

Define basement membrane?

A

Extracellular membrane of proteins that surround tissues, provide structural support, filtration function, surface for cell attachment.

35
Q

Cuboidal:

A

-Simplest one cell thick for surface area.
-Eg. liver/ kidneys

35
Q

Tissue types - Epithelial tissue:

A

-Continuous layers of cells on internal and external surfaces.

36
Q

Squamous:

A

-Flattened thin for gas exchange.
-Eg. alveolar walls.

37
Q

Columnar:

A

-Elongated/ beat / move mucus.
-Eg. trachea.

38
Q

Muscle tissue:

A

-Tissue able to contract.

39
Q

Skeletal:

A

-Striated (striped), voluntary attached to bones for locomotion.

40
Q

Smooth:

A

-Spindle- shaped cells, no strips involuntary.
-Eg. Skin, digestive tract.

41
Q

Cardiac:

A

-Heart muscle, striated, short fibres, contract without nerve stimulation, does not titre.
-Eg. Heart.

42
Q

Connective tissue:

A

-separates tissue and organs.
-Elastic (Stretching)
-Eg. blood/ bone and cartilage.

43
Q

Define abaxial?

A

Inner face

43
Q

What are plants organs in order?

A

-Root
-Stem
-Leafe
-Flower

44
Q

Define adaxial?

A

Outer face

Biology A level (6 decks)

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