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Biology A level > 1.1-Biological compounds > Flashcards

1.1-Biological compounds Flashcards

1
Q

Define Dipole?

A

Polar molecule with + and - charge.

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2
Q

Define inorganic?

A

Molecules have high number of carbon atoms

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3
Q

Define organic?

A

Molecule have no more than 1 carbon atoms.

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4
Q

Define Hydrogen bond?

A

Weak attractive force b/n a H atoms with a δ+ charge and an atom with a δ- charge partial charge.

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5
Q

Define Hydrolysis?

A

Type of reaction where water splits a molecule.
(To break)

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6
Q

Define Condensation?

A

Type of reaction where water is a product.
(To make)

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7
Q

Ions function-
1.Magnesium?

A

Mg 2+, In peanuts, Important component for chlorophyll for photosynthesis/ for bones.

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8
Q

Ions function-
2.Phosphate?

A

PO43- , In beans, Used to make nucleotides including ATP.

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9
Q

Ions function-
3.Iron?

A

Fe 2+ , In Spanish, Contain Haemoglobin to transport O2 in RBC/ Without it can lead to anaemia.

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10
Q

Ions function-
4.Calcium?

A

Ca2+ , In cheese, Provide strength in plant cell wall. / It’s important for bones and teeth.

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11
Q

Ions function-
5.Sulfur?

A

S, To synthesis protein.

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12
Q

Draw and describe Water molecule?(1)

A

1.Water molecule is dipole. 2.Consist of 2 H atoms with δ+ partial charge and1 O with δ- partial charge joined together by covalent bond.
3.Chemical formulae is H2O.
4. 2 water molecule joined by hydrogen bond.

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13
Q

Properties of Water? (Surface tension)

A

=Support and buoyancy.

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14
Q

Properties of Water? (Solvent)

A

Polar molecule dissovle in water and are able to transport.

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15
Q

Properties of Water?(Metabolite)

A

Water molecule involved in chemical reaction Eg. photosynthesis.

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16
Q

Properties of Water?(Ice float less dense than water)

A

Ice insulating water below allow survive of organisms.

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17
Q

Properties of Water?(High specific heat capacity)

A

Requires energy cause water to heat up therefore creating thermostable environments.

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18
Q

Properties of Water?(Cohesive)

A

Water molecule form H bond allow move of water.

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19
Q

Define & function Carbohydrates?

A

-Contain C, H, O.
-Storage energy in Plants and animals.

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20
Q

Define Monosaccharides?

A

Individual sugar molecule.

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21
Q

Define Triose, Pentose, Hexose?

A

-Type of sugar contain 3 carbons, important in respiration and photosynthesis Eg. glyceraldehyde
-Type of sugar contain 5 carbons, important in nucleotides Eg. ribose.
-Type of sugar contain 6 carbons, used in respiration Eg. glucose.

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22
Q

Define Isomers?

A

Molecules have same Chemical Formulae but differernt arrangements of atoms.

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23
Q

Define Disaccharides?

A

2 Monosaccharides joined together.

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24
Q

Define Glyosidic bond?

A

Bond formed b/n 2 monosaccharides in a condensation reaction, and elimination of water.

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25
Define Polysaccharides?
Molecules formed by condensation of many monosaccharides Eg. glycogen.
26
Define monomer?
1 single unit.
27
Define polymer?
Molecule made from repeating monomers joined together.
28
Draw an Alpha (a) glucose molecule?(2)
oh is down.
29
Draw an Beta (B) glucose molecule?
oh is up.
30
Functions of Monosaccharides?
-Source of energy. Eg. C-H, C-C bond broken to release energy, transferred to make ATP. -Building blocks for large molecule. Eg. Glucose, used to make polysaccharides. -Average in reactions. Eg. Triose -Component of nucleotides. Eg. ribose in RNA.
31
Draw a glycosidic bond?
+H2O is splits
32
Disaccharides- Maltose
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose eg. in germinating seeds
32
Disaccharides- Sucrose
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose eg. transport sugar in plants
33
Disaccharides-Lactose:
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose eg. sugar found in milk
34
Polysaccharides- Starch
-Made of amylopectin, branched. and amylose, helical. -a isomer -Amylose (1,4), Amylopectin (1,4-1,6) -Found in cellulose plants. -insoluble.
35
Polysaccharides- Glycogen
-a isomer. -Branched. -1,4-1,6 -In liver animal. -Energy storage
36
Polysaccharides- Cellulose
-B isomer -Straight -1,4 -Plants -structural -Straight chains held together by H atoms to form fibres, every glucose molecules rotates by 180 degree.
37
Polysaccharides- Chitin
-B -Straight -1,4 -Plants/Animals -structural -Straight chains held together by H atoms to form fibres, every glucose molecules rotates by 180 degree.
38
Food tests of -Reducing Sugar:
-1cm3 = 1ml -Use of Benedict's 2cm3 -Heat mix over 80. for 5 min. -Colour change from Blue to brick-red
39
-Non-reducing sugar:
-Same as reducing sugar. -Add 2 drops of hydrochloric acid, heat over 80 for 2 min. -Same colour change, if it stays Blue not sugar
40
-Starch:
-2 drops of Iodine -Yellow to blue-black
41
-Proteins:
-2cm3 of biuret reagent -Blue to purple.
42
-Lipids:
-Emulsion/5cm3 of ethanol -Clear to cloudy white.
43
Define Lipids?
Organic molecule made up from O, H and C. eg alcohol.
44
Functions of Triglycerides?
1. Energy storage, (A/P) 2. Thermal insulator, (A) 3. Nerve insulator, (A) 4. Waterproofing, Waxy cuticle reduces water loss, (A/P) 5. Cell surface membrane, (A/P) 6. Low density and buoyancy, (A/P) 7. Protection, Fat is often stored around eg. kidney, (A)
45
Define Saturated?
-Type of fat found in animals which inc blood cholesterol levels and its molecule contain only single bonds of carbon atoms.
46
Define Polysaccharides?
-Molecules formed by condensation of many monosaccharides Eg. glycogen.
47
Define Hydrophilic?
-Phosphate head.
48
Define Phospholipid?
-Type of lipid formed be condensation of 1 molecule of glycerol, 2 molecules of fatty acids and a phosphate group.
49
Define Hydrophobic?
-Fatty acids tails
50
Draw Triglyceride?(3)
Glycerol Ester bond Fatty acids
51
Draw Phospholipid?
Phosphate head (Hydrophilic) Fatty acids (Hydrophobic)
52
Define Hypertension?
High blood pressure.
53
Define Ester bond?
A bond of a fatty acid chain and glycerol formed in a condensation reaction.
54
Define Atheroma?
Blockage cholesterol.
55
Define unsaturated?
-Type of fat found in plant which considered healthy and its molecule contain at least 1 double bonds between carbon atoms.
56
Functions of Triglycerides?
1. Energy storage, (A/P) 2. Thermal insulator, (A) 3. Nerve insulator, (A) 4. Waterproofing, Waxy cuticle reduces water loss, (A/P) 5. Cell surface membrane, (A/P) 6. Low density and buoyancy, (A/P) 7. Protection, Fat is often stored around eg. kidney, (A)
57
LDL ?
-Low density lipoprotein. -Bad cholesterol -Transports cholesterol around body depositing it in artery walls. -High levels risk inc of Atherosclerosis.
58
HDL?
-High density lipoprotein -Good cholesterol -Transports cholesterol from body to liver to be broken down.
59
Define protein?
_Made up of O, H, C and nitrogen. -Are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids. -Polypeptide are amino acids chain -20 different amino acids used to make up proteins.
60
Define peptide bond?
Chemical bond formed by condensation b/n amino group of 1 amino acids and carboxyl group of another.
61
Draw amino acids?(5)
NH2 -- Amino group H -- Hydrogen C -- carbon centre B -- Variable group COOH -- Carboxyl group H ; ; NH2 -------- C --------- COOH ; ; R
62
(Secondary structure)
Hydrogen bonds formed b/n amino acids in chain cause it to fold into a-helix or B-bleated sheet.
62
Draw peptide bond? (6)
+H2O Dipeptide (Peptide)
63
Protein structure? (Primary)
Specific sequence of amino acids as coded by DNA. Amino acids linked together by condensation reaction that form peptide bond.
64
(Tertiary structure)
Hydrophobic interactions b/n variable group with 2nd structure forms and disulphide bonds forms a very specific folded structure.
65
(Quaternary structure)
More than 1 polypeptide chain linked to form a molecule.
66
Define Fibrous protein?
-Insoluble -Eg. skin
67
Define Globular protein?
-Soluble -Eg. Enzymes.
68
What is number of genes if polypeptide is 1?
It's 1 gene. 1 gene= 1 polypeptide.

Biology A level (6 decks)

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