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AS Biology > 1.2 Cell Structure > Flashcards

1.2 Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA coding for protein synthesis in cytoplasm and controls cell activity

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2
Q

Nucleus Features

A

Nuclear envelope, Nuclear Pores, Nucleolus

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3
Q

Nucleus Size

A

5µm to 10µm

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4
Q

Chloroplasts

A

(ONLY IN PLANT CELLS) contains chlorophyll - site of photosynthesis

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5
Q

Chloroplast Features

A

Stroma, Grana, Thylakoids, Starch Grains, 70S Ribosomes, Circular DNA

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6
Q

Chloroplasts Size

A

0.5 - 2 µm wide and 10 µm in length

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces ATP by aerobic respiration

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8
Q

Mitochondria Features

A

Cristae, Matrix, 70S Ribosomes, Circular DNA

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9
Q

Mitochondria Size

A

1 µm in length

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10
Q

Protein Transport within the cell

A

1) Proteins are made by ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum and are pinched off into vesicles
2) Vesicles containing the proteins fuse to the Golgi Body, where they are modified
3) Vesicles containing modified proteins break away from the Golgi Body
4) Vesicles fuse with the cell surface membrane by exocytosis, releasing protein outside the cell

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11
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A

ribosome and protein synthesis

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12
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A

lacks ribosomes which synthesises lipids and steroids ie. cholesterol

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13
Q

Golgi Body Function

A

glycoprotein synthesis, protein modification / packaging in vesicles for export from cell

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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains Hydrolytic Enzymes that digests unwanted materials and worn-out organelles

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15
Q

Lysosomes Size

A

0.1-0.5 µm

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16
Q

Cell Surface Membrane Function

A

controls movement of substances in and out of cell - partially permeable

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17
Q

Cell Surface Membrane Thickness

A

7 nm thick

18
Q

Cell Wall Function

A

(ONLY IN PLANT CELLS) made of cellulose which supports the cell by maintaining its shape

  • Keeps cell firm / prevents turgidity
  • Provides mechanical strength
19
Q

Plasmosdesmata

A

(ONLY IN PLANT CELLS) microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them

20
Q

Large Permanent Vacuole

A

(ONLY IN PLANT CELLS) might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive

21
Q

Tonoplast

A

The membrane surrounding the large permanent vacuole

22
Q

Centrioles

A

(ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS) a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

23
Q

Centrioles Size

A

0.5 µm

24
Q

Microtubules Function

A
  • Forms cytoskeleton along with thinner protein filaments

- Involved with movement of organelles via special attachment proteins

25
Q

ATP stands for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

26
Q

ATP function

A
  • It is the universal energy currency of the cell

- “immediate source of energy for the cell. When ATP is broken, a small packet of energy is released

27
Q

ATP hydrolysis reaction

A

ATP + water → ADP + phosphate + energy

28
Q

Features of Prokaryotes: organelles, DNA, ribosome type, flagella, cell wall material

A
  • No nucleus and double membrane-bounded organelles; mitochondria & chloroplasts
  • Naked / circular DNA - contains plasmids
  • 70S ribosomes
  • Flagella lacks 9+2 microtubule arrangement [single]
  • No ER, Golgi body and lysosomes
  • Cell wall made of peptidoglycan (murein)
29
Q

Features of Eukaryotes: organelles, DNA, ribosome type, flagella, cell wall material

A
  • Nucleus and double membrane-bounded organelles present
  • Linear DNA
  • No plasmids
  • DNA associated with histone proteins
  • Contains ER along with Golgi body and lysosomes
  • 70S & 80S ribosomes
  • Flagella contains 9+2 microtubule arrangement
  • Cell wall made mostly of cellulose / chitin (fungi)
30
Q

Virus

A

an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host - DNA or RNA of Virus takes over the protein synthesising machinery of host cell and helps to make new virus particles

31
Q

Virus Features

A
  • No nucleus and cytoplasm
  • Consists of genetic material contained within a protein coat (capsid) - made up of many individual protein molecules called ‘capsomeres’
  • Symmetrical shape
32
Q

Virus Size

A

Ranges in size (20–300 nm)

33
Q

Nucleolus

A

Nucleus - Synthesises rRNA and ribosomes (1-2 µm)

34
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus - Double membrane surrounding the nucleus

35
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Nucleus - Allows passage of large molecules ie. mRNA and ribosomal proteins to be transmitted out of the nucleus

36
Q

Stroma

A

Chloroplast - Colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast. enzymes necessary for light independent stage

37
Q

Grana

A

Chloroplast - made up of flattened sacs; thylakoids

38
Q

Thylakoids

A

Chloroplast - An internal system of interconnected membranes, that carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis

39
Q

Starch Grains

A

Chloroplast - Acts as temporary stores of carbohydrates produced

40
Q

Cristae

A

Mitochondria - inner membrane folded

41
Q

Matrix

A

Mitochondria - Krebs cycle & oxidative phosphorylation takes place here

42
Q

Cisternae

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum - Membranes enclose a network of tubules and flattened sacs; cisternae

AS Biology (9 decks)

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