1.2 - Cell Structure

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

Only one cell makes up an organism (unicellular) and it does not have a compartmentalized structure

Question 2

Archaebacteria

Answer 2

found in extreme environments like high temperatures, salt concentrations or pH (i.e. extremophiles)

Question 3

Eubacteria

Answer 3

traditional bacteria including most known pathogenic forms (e.g. E. coli, S. aureus, etc.)

Question 4

Parts of prokaryotes

Answer 4

Cytoplasm, nucleoids, plasmids, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, slime capsule, flagella, and pili

Question 5

Nucleoid

Answer 5

region of the cytoplasm where the DNA is located (DNA strand is circular and called a genophore)

Question 6

Plasmids

Answer 6

autonomous circular DNA molecules that may be transferred between bacteria (horizontal gene transfer)

Question 7

Cell membrane

Answer 7

Semi-permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell

Question 8

Cell wall

Answer 8

Rigid outer covering made of peptidoglycan; maintains shape and prevents bursting (lysis)

Question 9

Slime capsule

Answer 9

a thick polysaccharide layer used for protection against dessication (drying out) and phagocytosis

Question 10

Flagella

Answer 10

Long, slender projections containing a motor protein that enables movement (singular: flagellum)

Question 11

Pili

Answer 11

Hair-like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces (attachment pili) or mediate bacterial conjugation (sex pili)

Question 12

Eukaryotes

Answer 12

Multicellular organisms and they have compartmentalised cell structure through membrane-bound structures (organelles) that perform specific roles. More complex structure. Believed to have evolved from prokaryotic cells (via endosymbiosis)

Question 13

Eukaryotic Kingdoms

Answer 13

Protista, fungi, animalia, plantae

Question 14

Protista

Answer 14

unicellular organisms; or multicellular organisms without specialised tissue

Question 15

Fungi

Answer 15

have a cell wall made of chitin and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic absorption

Question 16

Plantae

Answer 16

have a cell wall made of cellulose and obtain nutrition autotrophically (via photosynthesis)

Question 17

Ribosome

Answer 17

Structure: Two subunits made of RNA and protein; larger in eukaryotes (80S) than prokaryotes (70S). Complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis (prokaryote ribosome = 70S)

Function: Site of polypeptide synthesis (this process is called translation)