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Biology > 1.1 - Introduction to Cells > Flashcards

1.1 - Introduction to Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Principles of Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells (or cell products)
  2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
  3. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Striated muscle fibres

A

Challenges the idea that cells always function as autonomous units
- Muscle cells fuse to form fibres that may be very long (>300mm)
- Consequently, they have multiple nuclei despite being surrounded by a single, continuous plasma membrane

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3
Q

Aseptate fungal hyphae

A

Challenges the idea that living structures are composed of discrete cells
- Fungi may have filamentous structures called hyphae, which are separated into cells by internal walls called septa
- Some fungi are not partitioned by septa and hence have a continuous cytoplasm along the length of the hyphae

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4
Q

Giant Algae - Acetabularia

A

Challenges the idea that larger organisms are always made of many microscopic cells
- Certain species of unicellular algae may grow to very large sizes
- Acetabularia may exceed 7 cm in length

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5
Q

Functions of Life

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Homeostasis
Excretion
Nutrition
Growth

MR SHENG

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6
Q

Paramecium - Sensitivity

A

Paramecia are surrounded by small hairs called cilia which allow it to move

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7
Q

Paramecium - Nutrition

A

Paramecia engulf food via a specialised membranous feeding groove called a cytostome

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8
Q

Paramecium - Metabolism

A

Food particles are enclosed within small vacuoles that contain enzymes for digestion

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9
Q

Paramecium - Excretion

A

Solid wastes are removed via an anal pore, while liquid wastes are pumped out via contractile vacoules

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10
Q

Paramecium - Homeostatis

A

Essential gases enter (e.g. O2) and exit (e.g. CO2) the cell via diffusion

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11
Q

Paramecium - Reproduction

A

Paramecia divide asexually (fission) although horizontal gene transfer can occur via conjugation

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12
Q

Scenedesmus - Nutrition and Excretion

A

Scenedesmus exchange gases and other essential materials via diffusion

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13
Q

Scenedesmus - Metabolism

A

Chlorophyll pigments allow organic molecules to be produced via photosynthesis

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14
Q

Scenedesmus - Reproduction

A

Daughter cells form as non-motile autospores via the internal asexual division of the parent cell

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15
Q

Scenedesmus - Sensitivity

A

Scenedesmus may exist as unicells or form colonies for protection

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16
Q

Rate of metabolism

A

a function of its mass / volume - larger cells need more energy to sustain essential functions)

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17
Q

Rate of material exchange

A

a function of its surface area - large membrane surface equates to more material movement)

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18
Q

SA:V Ratio and Intestinal tissue

A

Intestinal tissue of the digestive tract may form a ruffled structure (villi) to increase the surface area of the inner lining

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19
Q

SA:V Ratio and Alveoli

A

Alveoli within the lungs have membranous extensions called microvilli, which function to increase the total membrane surface

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20
Q

Calculation of Magnfication

A

Magnification = Image size (with ruler) ÷ Actual size (according to scale bar)

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21
Q

Calculation of Actual Size

A

Actual Size = Image size (with ruler) ÷ Magnification

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22
Q

Visible Features on Microscope Image of Bacteria - E. coli

A

Cell wall - if stained
Flagella - if stained
~ 1-10 micrometres

23
Q

Visible Features on Microscope Image of Protist - Ameoba

A

Nucleus
Pseudopodia
Food vacuoles
~ 50-500 micrometres

24
Q

Visible Features on Microscope Image of Plant Cell - Leaf

A

Nucleus
Chloroplast
Cell wall
~ 10-100 micrometres

25
Q

Visible Features on Microscope Image of Animal Cell - Cheek

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria - only if stained
~ 10-50 micrometres

26
Q

Emergent properties

A
27
Q

Metabolism

A

undertake essential chemical reactions

28
Q

Reproduction

A

produce offspring, either sexually or asexually

29
Q

Sensitivity

A

responsive to internal and external stimuli

30
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintain a stable internal environment

31
Q

Excretion

A

exhibit the removal of waste products

32
Q

Nutrition

A

exchange materials and gases with the environment

33
Q

Growth

A

move and change shape or size

34
Q

Differentiation

A

is the process during development where newly formed cells become more specialised and distinct from one another as they mature

35
Q

Active gene

A

usually packaged in an expanded form called euchromatin that is accessible to transcriptional machinery

36
Q

Inactive genes

A

typically packaged in a more condensed form called heterochromatin (saves space, not transcribed)

37
Q

Qualities of stem cells

A

Self Renewal – They can continuously divide and replicate
Potency – They have the capacity to differentiate into specialised cell types

38
Q

Types of Stem Cells

A

Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, and unipotent

39
Q

Totipotent

A

Can form any cell type, as well as extra-embryonic (placental) tissue (e.g. zygote)

40
Q

Pluripotent

A

Can form any cell type (e.g. embryonic stem cells)

41
Q

Multipotent

A

Can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types (e.g. haematopoeitic adult stem cells)

42
Q

Unipotent

A

Can not differentiate, but are capable of self renewal (e.g. progenitor cells, muscle stem cells)

43
Q

Process of stem cells replacing damaged cells

A
  1. The use of biochemical solutions to trigger the differentiation of stem cells into the desired cell type
  2. Surgical implantation of cells into the patient’s own tissue
  3. Suppression of host immune system to prevent rejection of cells (if stem cells are from foreign source)
  4. Careful monitoring of new cells to ensure they do not become cancerous
44
Q

Stargardt’s Disease (what, caused by, treatment with stem cells)

A
  • An inherited form of juvenile macular degeneration that causes progressive vision loss to the point of blindness
  • Caused by a gene mutation that impairs energy transport in retinal photoreceptor cells, causing them to degenerate
  • Treated by replacing dead cells in the retina with functioning ones derived from stem cells
45
Q

Parkinson’s Disease (what, caused by, treatment with stem cells)

A
  • A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system caused by the death of dopamine-secreting cells in the midbrain (Dopamine is a neurotransmitter responsible for transmitting signals involved in the production of smooth, purposeful movements)
  • Individuals with Parkinson’s disease typically exhibit tremors, rigidity, slowness of movement and postural instability
  • Treated by replacing dead nerve cells with living, dopamine-producing ones
46
Q

Leukaemia and treatment with stem cells

A

Bone marrow transplants for cancer patients who are immunocompromised as a result of chemotherapy

47
Q

Paraplegia and treatment with stem cells

A

Repair damage caused by spinal injuries to enable paralysed victims to regain movement

48
Q

Diabetes and treatment with stem cells

A

Replace non-functioning islet cells with those capable of producing insulin in type I diabetics

49
Q

Burn victims and treatment with stem cells

A

Graft new skin cells to replace damaged tissue

50
Q

Stem cells derived from…

A
  • Embryos (may be specially created by therapeutic cloning)
  • Umbilical cord blood or placenta of a new-born baby
  • Certain adult tissues like the bone marrow (cells are not pluripotent)
51
Q

Ethical considerations of stem cell therapy

A
  • Using multipotent adult tissue may be effective for certain conditions, but is limited in its scope of application
  • Stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood need to be stored and preserved at cost, raising issues of availability and access
  • The greatest yield of pluripotent stem cells comes from embryos, but requires the destruction of a potential living organism
52
Q

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) for artificial stem cells

A
  • Involves the creation of embryonic clones by fusing a diploid nucleus with an enucleated egg cell (therapeutic cloning)
  • More embryos are created by this process than needed, raising ethical concerns about the exigency of excess embryos
53
Q

Nuclear reprogramming for artificial stem cells

A
  • Induce a change in the gene expression profile of a cell in order to transform it into a different cell type (transdifferentiation)
  • Involves the use of oncogenic retroviruses and transgenes, increasing the risk of health consequences (i.e. cancer)

Biology (5 decks)

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