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BIOLOGY 1 - biological molecules > 1.2 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

1.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements do carbohydrates consist of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars eg glucose, fructose, ribose

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3
Q

What 3 properties do monosaccharides all have?

A
  1. Soluble in water
  2. Sweet tasting
  3. Form crystals
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4
Q

What is the general formula of monosaccharides?

A

n = any number from 3 to 7

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5
Q

What is alpha glucose?

A

Alpha glucose is a monosaccharide that is easily transported (water soluble) and readily used in respiration.

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6
Q

Draw an alpha glucose

A

(Start at carbon 1 and move in a clockwise direction)

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7
Q

What is beta glucose?

A

A monosaccharide that is found in cellulose

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8
Q

Draw a beta glucose

A
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9
Q

Remember ABBA for where the OH group is in glucose diagrams

A

AB= alpha below
BA = beta above

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10
Q

What is an isomer?

A

The same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties

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11
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

When two monosaccharides sugars join together

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12
Q

What reaction forms disaccharides?

A

Condensation

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13
Q

What bond is formed in disaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond

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14
Q

What is the chemical formula for disaccharides?

A

has one less oxygen and two less hydrogen because it’s been removed for water

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15
Q

What monosaccharides are maltose formed from?

A

Two alpha glucose

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16
Q

What monosaccharides are sucrose formed from?

A

Glucose and fructose

17
Q

What monosaccharides are lactose formed from?

A

Glucose and galactose

18
Q

What does “1-4 glycosidic bond” and “I-6 glycosidic bond” mean

A

1-4 = bond forms between carbon 1 and carbon 4
1-6 = bond forms between carbon bond and carbon 6

19
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymers formed by combining many monosaccharide molecules together by glycosidic bonds formed during condensation reactions

20
Q

What are the 3 polysaccharides?

A
  1. Starch -
  2. Glycogen
  3. Cellulose
21
Q

What are the two polymers starch is made up of?

A
  • amylose
  • amylopectin
22
Q

What are the main characteristics of starch and how does it relate to its function?

A
  1. Coiled SO compact - molecule can be stored in a small space
  2. Large polysaccharide - 2 alpha glucose
  3. Insoluble - does not affect the water potential of the cell, so water does not move into the cell by osmosis
  4. Glycosidic bonds can be hydrolysed to form alpha glucose monomers which can be easily transported and used in respiration
23
Q

What are the glycosidic bonds for amylose and amylopectin?

A
  • Amylose (alpha glucose) monomers are joined by only 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • Amylopectin is a branched polymer with the 1,4 glycosidic bonds between the alpha glucose and 1,6 glycosidic bonds forming between C1 and C6 of the adjacent alpha glucose
24
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Animals and bacteria

25
Q

Is glycogen branched or unbranched?

A

Highly branched due to the 1,6 glycosidic bonds

26
Q

What monomers does glycogen consist of and what bonds?

A

Formed between alpha glucose monomers
Has both 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

27
Q

What is the function of glycogen being insoluble?

A

Does not affect the water potential of the cell, so water does not move into cell by osmosis

28
Q

Glycogen is a ……. molecule so can be stored in a ….. space

A

Glycogen is a compact molecule so can be stored in a small space

29
Q

What is the benefit of glycogen being highly branched?

A

Has many ends meaning the glycosidic bonds can be rapidly hydrolysed by enzymes to form alpha glucose monomers which can be easily transported and used in respiration. Animals are more active than plants and have a higher metabolic and respiration rate than plants (more glucose is required for respiration to synthesise ATP)

30
Q

Is cellulose branched or unbranched?

A

Cellulose is a straight, unbranched, structural polysaccharide (which forms plant cell walls)

31
Q

What monomers and bonds is cellulose made up from?

A

Beta glucose monomers
Held together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds

32
Q

What is alternate glycosidic bonding?

A

Each beta glucose monomer is rotated 180 degrees relative to the next

33
Q

How are microfibrils formed and what do they do?

A

Many straight chains of beta glucose form parallel to each other and are linked through hydrogen bonds between the many -OH groups, forming bundles called microfibrils.
They are very strong and support the cell wall and prevent it from bursting when a plant cell becomes turgid.

34
Q

Explain why cellulose cannot be digested by mammals

A

Mammals don’t possess the enzyme cellulase which is required to hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds in cellulose (forms fibre in the human diet)

BIOLOGY 1 - biological molecules (10 decks)

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