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biology topic 1 > 1.2 biological molecules > Flashcards

1.2 biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

define disaccharide

A

macromolecule consisting of two sugar molecules joining by a glycosidic bond

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2
Q

what’s a monomer

A

a small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called polymer

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3
Q

what’s a polymer

A

a polymer is a long chain molecule made up of many smaller, repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds

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4
Q

what’s a macromolecule

A

its a very large molecule often formed by polymerisation

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5
Q

what are isomers

A

are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

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6
Q

describe monosaccharides

A

single sugar molecule
made by photosynthesis
the energy source for respiration
always contain c=o and at least 2 OH

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7
Q

what’s a pentose sugar

A

is a sugar with 5 carbon atoms e.g deoxyribose

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8
Q

what is starch

A

a long chain polymer formed of alpha glucose monomers

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9
Q

what is sucrose

A

sweet tasting dissaccharide formed by the joining of alpha glucose and fructose by a glycosidic bond

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10
Q

what is glucose

A

a hexose sugar

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11
Q

define polysaccharide

A

is a polymer made up of long chains of monosaccharides units joined by glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

what’s a triose sugar

A

a sugar with 3 carbon atoms

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13
Q

what’s a pentose sugar

A

a sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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14
Q

what’s a ribose

A

its a pentose sugar that makes up part of the structure of DNA

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15
Q

define a deoxyribose

A

is a pentose sugar that makes up part of the structure of DNA

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16
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

a nucleic acid which can act as the genetic material in some organisms an is involved in protein synthetic

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17
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

A

a nucleic acid that acts as the genetic material in many organisms

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18
Q

what’s a condensation reaction

A

its a reaction that in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecule as a bond is formed between them

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19
Q

what’s a glycosidic bond

A

its a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction

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20
Q

what are reducing sugars

A

sugars that react with blue Benedicts solution and reduce copper(II) ions to copper(I) ions giving an orangey red precipitate

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21
Q

what are non-reducing sugars

A

sugars that don’t react with bendicts solution

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22
Q

what are oligosaccharides

A

molecules with 3-10 monosaccharides units

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23
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

is a reaction in which bonds are broken by the addition of a molecule of water

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24
Q

amylose?

A

complex carbohydrate containing only glucose monomers joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds so the molecules formed long unbranched chains

25
Q

amylopectin?

A

complex carbohydrate made up of glucose monomers joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds and 1-6 glycosidic bonds so the molecules branch repeatedly

26
Q

what glycogen

A

its made up of many alpha glucose units joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds but but also has 1,6 glycosidic bonds, giving many side branches

27
Q

what’s cellulose

A

its a complex carbohydrate with beta glucose monomers held together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds, its very important in plant call walls

28
Q

What are lipids

A

Lipids are a large family of organic molecules that are important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms.

29
Q

what are lipids

A

Lipids are a large family of organic molecules that are important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms. They include triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids.

30
Q

what’s a fatty acid

A

A fatty acid is an organic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain.

31
Q

what is glycerol

A

Glycerol is propane-1,2,3-triol, an important component of triglycerides.

32
Q

what ar ester bonds

A

An ester bond is a bond formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of glycerol.

33
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid

A

A saturated fatty acid is a fatty acid in which each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it in the hydrocarbon chain by a single covalent bond.

34
Q

what is a unsaturated fatty acid

A

An unsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid in which the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain have one or more double covalent bonds in them.

35
Q

what is a monounsaturated fatty acid

A

monounsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with only one double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

36
Q

what is a polyunsaturated fatty chain

A

A polyunsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.

37
Q

what is esterification

A

Esterification is the formation of ester bonds.

38
Q

what are phospholipids

A

A phospholipid is a chemical in which glycerol bonds with two fatty acids and an inorganic phosphate group.

39
Q

hydrophilic

A

molecules dissolve readily in water

40
Q

hydrophobic

A

molecules will not dissolve in water

41
Q

monolayer

A

is a single closely packed layer of atoms or molecules

42
Q

what’s a Michele

A

A micelle is a spherical aggregate of molecules in water with hydrophobic areas in the middle and hydrophilic areas outside.

43
Q

a bilayer

A

is a double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules

44
Q

what’s a unit membrane

A

A unit membrane is a bilayer structure formed by phospholipids in an aqueous environment. with the hydrophobic tails in the middle and the hydrophilic heads on the outside.

45
Q

what’s a protease

A

its a protein-digesting enzyme

46
Q

what’s a lipoprotein

A

its a protein with a lipid prosthetic group

47
Q

what’s a glycoprotein

A

its a protein with a carbohydrate prosthetic group

48
Q

what’s a prosthetic group

A

its a molecule that is incorporated in a conjugated protein

49
Q

define denaturation

A

its a loss of the 3D shape of a protein e.g as a result of changes in temperature or PH

50
Q

what is collagen

A

its a strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure

51
Q

what are amino acids

A

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, consisting, of an amino group (-NH) and a carboxy group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom and an R group that varies between amino acids.

52
Q

what’s a peptide bond

A

the bond formed by condensation reactions between amino acids

53
Q

what’s a dipeptide

A

two amino acids joined by a peptide bond

54
Q

whats a polypeptide

A

a long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

55
Q

what are fibrous proteins

A

are proteins that have long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages that form into fibres, but with little tertiary structure.

56
Q

what’s a disulphide bond

A

its a strong covalent bond formed as a result of an oxidation reaction between sulfur groups in cysteine or methionine molecules, which are close together in the structure of a polypeptide

57
Q

what are globular proteins

A

are large proteins with complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structures, folded into spherical (globular) shapes.

58
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

its a large conjugated protein involved in transporting oxygen in the blood, and gives the erythrocytes their red colour

biology topic 1 (4 decks)

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