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Biology test 1 > 1.2 and 1.3 > Flashcards

1.2 and 1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

light microscope

A

observe living specimens, structure of the cells, max magnification 400x, size down to 0.2 micrometers as separate objects

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2
Q

electron microscope

A

higher resolution, down to 1 nanometer; magnification by 500,000x; studying small cellular structures, observe non-living specimens in black and white, ultrastructure of the cells

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3
Q

reproduction of prokaryotes

A

binary fission - asexual

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4
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

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5
Q

parts of prokaryotes

A

nucleoid, plasmid, naked DNA, plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, 70S ribosomes, pili, flagellum

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6
Q

role of pili

A

protein filaments on the cell wall that help in cell adhension and in transfering of DNA between 2 cells

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7
Q

role of flagella

A

much longer the pili, responsible for locomotion of the organism, whip-like movement propels the cell along
70S ribosomes - sites of protein synthesis

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8
Q

***role of plasmids

A

small circles of DNA that carry a few genes, give the cell antibiotic resistance and are used in creating genetically modified bacteria

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9
Q

draw a prokaryote

A

…

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10
Q

draw an eukaryote

A

…

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11
Q

***eukaryota

A

protocista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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12
Q

***advantages of compartmentalization of cells

A
  1. greater efficiency of metabolism
  2. internal conditions like pH can be differentiated in cell to maintain the optional conditions for different enzymes
  3. isolations of toxic or damaging substances away from the cytoplasm
  4. flexibility of changing the numbers and position of organelles within the cell based on the cell’s requirements
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13
Q

***role of nucleus

A

contains chromosomes, consisting of DNA associated with with histone proteins

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14
Q

***chromatin

A

uncoiled chromosomes

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15
Q

***role of nucleolus

A

part of nucleus responsible for production of ribosomes

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16
Q

role of 80S ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins, releasing them to work in the cytoplasm, constructed in nucleolus

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17
Q

role of sER

A

produces storing lipids, including steoids

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18
Q

role of rER

A

transports protein produced by ribosomes on its surface to the GA

19
Q

role of GA

A

processes and packages proteins, which are ultimately released in Golgi vesicles

20
Q

role of vesicles

A

very small vacuoles used to transport materials inside the cells, produced by the cell, and release substances by fusing with the cell membrane

21
Q

role of lysosomes

A

absent from plant cells; formed in Golgi vesicles, contain high concentration of proteins, contain digestive enzymes used to break down ingested food in vesicles or break down organelles in the cell or the whole cell, destruction of microbes and of old cellular organelles

22
Q

role of centrioles

A

absent from plant cells; process of nuclear division by helping establish the mictrotubules

23
Q

***role of vacuole

A

helps in the osmotic balance of the cell and of old cellular organelles

24
Q

role of chloroplast

A

absent from animal cells; contain pigments like chlorophyll, responsible for photosynthesis

25
Q

microtubules

A

cylindrical tubes in the cytoplasm that move that move chromosomes during cell division

26
Q

***cilia and flagella

A

ring of 0 double microtubules + 2 central ones

27
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar, attracted to water

28
Q

hydrophobic

A

not attracted to water

29
Q

amphipathic

A

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

30
Q

Davson-Danielli model of membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer is sandwiched between 2 protein layers on either side of the membrane

31
Q

***shortcomings of Davson-Danielli

A
  1. it is assumed that all membranes had identical structures (how can different types of membranes carry out different functions?)
  2. proteins are amphipathic, but largely non-polar
32
Q

Singer and Nicolson model of membrane structure

A

proteins are individually embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model, proteins move around

33
Q

***functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. hormone binding sites
  2. immobilized enzymes
  3. cell adhension
  4. cell-to-cell communication
  5. channels
  6. pumps
34
Q

2 groups of proteins

A

integral and peripheral proteins

35
Q

integral proteins

A

hydrophobic, embedded in hydrocarbon chains in the center of the membrane, with hydrophilic parts projecting through the regions for phosphate heads on either side

36
Q

***polytopic integral proteins

A

go all the way

37
Q

***monotopic

A

penetrating just one surface

38
Q

***glycoproteins

A

proteins with oligosaccaride - hormone receptors

39
Q

peripheral proteins

A

hydrophilic on the surface; not embedded in the membrane, attached to the surface of integral proteins, some have 1 hydrocarbon chain attached to them, can be monotopic or attach to the surface

40
Q

***cholesterol

A

a steroid, only found in animal cell membranes, helps maintain the structure of the cell membrane; amphipathic; sex hormones are synthesized from it; type of lipid (nor fat or oil); reduces membrane permeability to hydrophilic molecules - Na and H

41
Q

***cholesterol at low temperature

A

disrupts the regular packing of the hydrocarbon tails of phospholipid molecules, which prevents the solidification of the membrane

42
Q

tails behave as ?

A

liquid

43
Q

heads behave as ?

A

solids

44
Q

***fluidity of membranes and cholesterol

A

membranes need to be fluid enough so that cells can move and that required substances can move across the membrane, but if too fluid, membrane couldn’t effectively restrict the movement of substances across itself

Biology test 1 (4 decks)

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