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Biology test 1 > 1.1 > Flashcards

1.1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells or cell products
  2. the cell is the smallest unit of life
    3.cells only arise from pre-existing cellsž
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2
Q

exceptions to cell theory

A
  1. striated muscle challenges the idea that a cell has 1 nucleus
  2. aseptate fungal hyphae challenges the idea that a cell is a single unit
  3. giant algae challenges the idea that cells must be simple in structure
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3
Q

common features of cells

A
  1. surrounded by membrane
  2. contain genetic material
  3. chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes happen inside
  4. have their own energy release system
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4
Q

functions of life

A

metabolism, response, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition

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5
Q

excretion in paramecium and chlorella

A

plasma membrane controls the entry and exit of substances including expulsion of metabolic waste

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6
Q

homeostasis in paramecium and chlorella

A

contractile vacuole fill up with water and expel it through the plasma membrane to manage water content

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7
Q

nutrition in paramecium

A

food vacuoles contain organisms paramecium has consumed

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8
Q

nutrition in chlorella

A

photosynthesis happens inside the chloroplasts to provide algae with food

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9
Q

reproduction in paramecium and chlorella

A

nucleus can divide to support cell division by mitosis (asexual)

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10
Q

metabolism in paramecium and chlorella

A

most metabolic pathways happen in cytoplasm

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11
Q

response in paramecium

A

the wave action of the cilia moves the paramecium in response to changes in the environment (towards food)

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12
Q

response in chlorella

A

the wave action of the cilia moves the chlorella in response to changes in the environment (towards light)

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13
Q

growth in paramecium and chlorella

A

after consuming and assimilating biomass from food, they get larger until they devide

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14
Q

magnification

A

the number of times larger an image is compared with the real size of the object

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15
Q

magnification formula

A

image size/real size

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16
Q

short diffusion distance benefits

A
  1. diffusion pathways are shorter
  2. more efficient
    3, concentration gradients are easier to generate
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17
Q

***what is better: large or small SA:Vol ratio

A

large, because for every unit of volume that requires nutrients or produces waste, there is more membrane to serve it

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18
Q

examples of largening SA:Vol ratio

A
  1. alveoli in lungs - thin membranes maximize surface for gas exchange
  2. root hairs - maximize SA for water uptake
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19
Q

the rate of material and heat exchange is a function of ?

A

its SA

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20
Q

the rate of metabolism of a cell is a function of ?

A

its volume

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21
Q

compartmentalization of cells

A

formation of compartments within the cell by membrane-bound organelles

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22
Q

emergent properties

A

the characteristics of the whole organism, including the fact that it is alive; property of a system as a whole

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23
Q

reductionist approach

A

studying each part of a system separately, useful for molecular biology

24
Q

levels

A

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems of organs, organisms

25
Q

division of labour

A

the development of cells in different ways to carry out specific funstions

26
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells specialized in the same way to perform the same action

27
Q

expression of a gene

A

when a gene is being used in a cell

28
Q

***genome

A

individual instructions (genes) all at once

29
Q

specialization

A

the activation of different instructions in specific cells, getting distinctive functionalities

30
Q

euchromatin

A

active genes are packed and expanded in accessible form

31
Q

heterochromatin

A

inactive genes are packed in a condensed form

32
Q

differentiation begins with ?

A

gene expression

33
Q

why don’t sex cells have the same general gene book

A

because they’re haploid

34
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that can:
1. continuously divide and replicate (self-renewal)
2. have the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell-types (potency)

35
Q

***totipotent

A

can differentiate into any type of cell - embryonic

36
Q

***pluripotent

A

can differentiate into many types of cells - embryonic

37
Q

***multipotent

A

can differentiate into a few closely related types of cells - adult stem cells

38
Q

***unipotent

A

can regenerate, but can only differentiate into their associated cell type - adult stem cells

39
Q

main characteristics of stem cells

A

self-renewal and potency

40
Q

stem cells can be found in ?

A

bone marrow, liver, skin

41
Q

stem cells have limited repair in ?

A

heart, brain and kidneys

42
Q

***steps of use of stem cells for therapeutic uses

A
  1. stem cells are extracted form an appropriate source
  2. biochemical solutions trigger cell differentiation
  3. new cells are implanted into the host’s tissue
  4. immune system is supposed to prevent rejection (immuno-surpresent) they look for fever
  5. new cells monitored to ensure they are not cancerous
43
Q

Stargardt’s disease

A

genetic, 6-12, due to mutation of gene ABCA4, photoreceptive cells in retina degenerate, vision worsens, blindness

44
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer of the blood or bone marrow, resulting in too many poor functioning leukocytes

45
Q

levels of leukocytes

A

4,000-11,000 - normal
30,000 - leukemia
100,000 - acute leukemia

46
Q

chemotherapy for leukemia

A
  1. a large needle is inserted into pelvis and fluid is removed from the bone marrow
  2. stem cells are extracted from this fluid and stored by freezing
  3. chemo drugs given to patient to kill cancer in bone marrow (b.m. loses ability to produce leukocytes)
  4. stem cells returned, they start to produce blood cells
47
Q

hematopoetic stem cells

A

harvested from bone marrow, peripheral blood or umbilical blood cord, differentiate to form new healthy blood cells

48
Q

Parkinson’s

A

degenerative disease caused by the death of dopamine-secreting cells, uncontrollable movements

49
Q

treatment of Parkinson’s

A

replacing dead cells in the midbrain with functioning ones

50
Q

***embryonic stem cells

A

almost unlimited growth potential
higher tumor risk
can differentiate into any type
less chance of genetic damage
likely to be genetically different from an adult recieving tissue
removal of cells kills embryo

51
Q

***cord blood stem cells

A

reduced growth potential
lower tumor risk
limited capacity to differentiate
no rejection problems
umbilical cord is discarded anyways
easily stored and obtained

52
Q

***adult stem cells

A

reduced growth potential
lower tumor risk
limited capacity to differentiate
fully compatible, no rejection
doesn’t kill an adult
difficult to obtain

53
Q

***arguments for therapeutic cloning

A

1- stem cell research leads to future discoveries and beneficial tech
2. may be used to cure serious diseases and dissabilites
3. less likely to be rejected as they’re cells which are genetically identical to the parent
4. transplants don’t require death of another human or inflecting any kind of pressure on body function
5. stem cells can be taken from embryos that have stopped developing and would have died anyway (abortions)
6. cells are taken at a stage where the embryo has no nervous system and can feel no pain
7. stem cells can be created without the need for fertilisation and destruction of natural human embryos - induced pluripotent cells

54
Q

***arguments against therapeutic cloning

A
  1. involves the creation and destruction of human embryos (at what point do we afford the right to life?)
  2. may develop into cancerous cells and cause tumor, bc of continued division
  3. more embryos generally produced than needed - excess embryos are killed
  4. with additional cost and effort, alternative tech may fulfill similar roles
  5. religious or moral objections due to ‘playing god’ argument
  6. the embryo could potentially be used in IVF and develop into human fetus, so we are creating human life to destroy it?
  7. potential for a race to clone the first human
55
Q

***nuclear reprogramming

A

introducing nuclei into a new cytoplasmic environment, so that cell of the body turns into s pluripotent stem cell

Biology test 1 (4 decks)

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