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FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING > 1.2-3 Accuracy of Measurements-Measurement of Distances > Flashcards

1.2-3 Accuracy of Measurements-Measurement of Distances Flashcards

1
Q

process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard.

A

measurement

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2
Q

2 types of measurements

A

direct measurements
indirect measurements

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3
Q

a comparison of the measured quantity with a standard measuring unit or units employed for measuring a quantity of that kind.

A

Direct Measurements

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4
Q

applying a wire or tape to a line is an example of what type of measurement

A

Direct Measurements

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5
Q

determining a horizontal or vertical angle with a transit is an example of what type of measurement

A

Direct Measurements

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6
Q

fitting a protractor between two intersecting lines to
determine the intersection angle is an example of what type of measurement

A

Direct Measurements

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7
Q

When it is not possible to apply a measuring instrument directly to a quantity to be measured

A

Indirect Measurements

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8
Q

In this type of measurement, the observed value is
determined by its relationship to some other known
values.

A

Indirect Measurements

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9
Q

the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity

A

Errors

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10
Q

inherent in all measurements and results from sources which cannot be avoided.

A

Errors

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11
Q

inaccuracies in measurements which occurred because some aspect of a surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with: carelessness, poor judgment, inattention, and improper execution

A

Mistakes

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12
Q

are also caused by: misunderstanding the problem, inexperience, and indifference of the surveyor

A

Mistakes

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13
Q

reading the wrong graduation of the tape is an example of

A

Mistakes

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14
Q

transposition of figures is an example of

A

Mistakes

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15
Q

reading a scale backward is an example of

A

Mistakes

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16
Q

misplacing a decimal point is an example of

A

Mistakes

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17
Q

incorrect reading of field notes is an example of

A

Mistakes

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18
Q

2 types of errors

A

Systematic and Accidental

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19
Q

type of error that will always have the same sign and
magnitude as long as field conditions remain constant and
unchanged.

A

Systematic Errors

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20
Q

how to eliminate systematic errors (3)

A

(1) applying corrections
(2) employing proper techniques in the use of instruments
(3) adopting a field procedure which automatically eliminates the error

21
Q

purely accidental in character caused by factors beyond the control of the surveyor and are present in all surveying measurement

A

Accidental Errors

22
Q

The occurrence of such errors are matters of chance as they
are likely to be positive or negative, and may tend in part to
compensate or average out according to ___

A

laws of probability

23
Q

due to imperfections in the instruments used, either from faults in their construction or improper adjustments between the different parts prior to their use.

A

Instrumental Errors

24
Q

caused by variations in the phenomena of nature such as: temperature, gravity, wind, humidity, curvature of the earth, and refraction changes in magnetic declination

A

Natural Errors

25
Q

Sources of errors (3)

A

Instrumental Errors
Natural Errors
Personal Errors

26
Q

arise from limitations of the human observer’s senses of sight, touch, and hearing, which are likely erroneous or inaccurate.

A

Personal Errors

27
Q

indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute or true value of the quantity measured.

A

Accuracy

28
Q

refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which any physical measurement is made.

A

Precision

29
Q

portrayed by the closeness to one another of a set of repeated measurements of a quantity.

A

Precision

30
Q

number of times something will probably occur over the range of possible occurrences.

A

Probability

31
Q

the quantity which, based on available data, has more chances of being correct than any other.

A

MOST PROBABLE VALUE (MPV)

32
Q

total amount of error in a given measurement should relate to the magnitude of the measured quantity in order to indicate the accuracy of a measurement.

A

RELATIVE (ERROR) PRECISION

33
Q

expressed by a fraction having the magnitude of the error in the numerator and the magnitude of a measured quantity in the denominator.

A

RELATIVE (ERROR) PRECISION

34
Q

quantity which, when added to and subtracted from the most probable value, defines a range within which there is a 50 percent chance that the true value of the measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits thus set.

A

PROBABLE ERROR

35
Q

The estimated degree of reliability (or weight) for each of the measurements before they are combined and the most probable values are determined.

A

WEIGHTED OBSERVATIONS

36
Q

Methods of Distance Measurement (8)

A
  1. Pacing 5. Mathematical
  2. Taping 6. Mechanical
    3.Tachymetric 7. Photogrammetric
  3. Graphical 8. Electronic Distance Measurement
37
Q

consists of counting the number of steps or paces
in a required distance.

A

Pacing

38
Q

A ___ is defined as the length of
step in walking.

A

pace

39
Q

To pace a distance, one must first determine the
length of one’s pace. This is referred to as the___.

A

pace factor

40
Q

___ is another procedure of obtaining horizontal distances. It is based on the optical geometry of the instruments employed and is an indirect method of measurement.

A

Tachymetry

41
Q

A rapid means of determining horizontal distances.

A

Stadia Method

42
Q

is a convenient and practical device used for quick and accurate measurement of horizontal distances.

A

The subtense bar

43
Q

These methods are widely employed in plane table surveys, and in triangulation works. In inaccessible terrain, this method becomes quite practical to employ.

A

Distance by Graphical and Mathematical Methods

44
Q

These devices are only applicable for low-precision surveys or where quick measurements are desired. The more commonly used among these devices include the odometer, measuring wheel, and optical range finder.

A

Distance by Mechanical Devices

45
Q

a simple device that can be attached to a wheel for purposes of roughly measuring surface distances.

A

Odometer

46
Q

This device can be used to determine distances approximately simply by focusing.

A

Optical Rangefinder

47
Q

refers to the measurement of images on a photograph.

A

Photogrammetry

48
Q

The tape ___ as the temperature rises and ___ as the temperature falls.

A

lengthens; shortens

FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING (8 decks)

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