1.1 Surveying Concepts Flashcards
The art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth’s surface by means of measurements in the three elements of space; namely, ____, ____, and ____.
Surveying; distance, direction, and elevation
The art of measuring horizontal and vertical distance between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of estimating points by ____ angular and linear measurements.
Surveying; predetermined
The art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features, may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.
Surveying
The branch of ____ which teaches the art of determining the area of any portion of the earth’s surface, the length and directions of the boundary lines, the contour of the surface, and of accurately delineating the whole on paper.
Surveying; applied mathematics
The science or art of making such measurements as are necessary to determine the relative position of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or to establish such points.
Surveying
The science and art of determining relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or establishing such points.
Surveying
Uses of Survey (8)
- Staking out of simple structures
- Surveying of small parcels of land
- Extensive surveys in construction of: subdivisions, dams, bridges, railroads, highways, wharves, canals, missile and rocket launching sites, drainage, irrigation systems, etc.
- Laying out of industrial equipment
- Preparing forestry and geological maps
- Positioning massive and complex machinery
- Construction of ships and airplanes
- Exploration of extraterrestrial bodies
The type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.
Plane Surveying
Surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
Geodetic Surveying
are usually of a national character.
Geodetic Surveying
are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas.
Cadastral Surveys
are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, determining the physical features and configuration of the land, and preparing maps.
City Surveys
are surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimension, ground configuration, and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects and builders.
Construction Surveys
a type of surveying streams, in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.
Forestry surveys
refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans, and other bodies of water.
Hydrographic surveys
The use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy and complex machinery.
Industrial surveys
also known as optical tooling.
Industrial surveys
These surveys are made to map shore lines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.
Hydrographic surveys
is to determine the position of all underground excavations and mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations, to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.
Mine surveys
a type of survey which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
Photogrammetric surveys
involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.
Route surveys
are made for determining the shape of the ground, and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features shown include such natural objects as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, relief of the ground surface.
Topographic surveys
These are mostly undertaken by government agencies to serve as a basis for the production of accurate base and topographic maps.
Geodetic Surveying
A number of points of known location and elevations are established to serve as controls for subordinate surveys of lesser extent which are performed as plane surveys.
Geodetic Surveying
is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane in a process known as leveling, and is used in conjunction with a leveling staff to establish the relative heights levels of objects or marks.
AUTOMATIC LEVEL
It is widely used in surveying and construction to measure height differences and to transfer, measure, and set heights of known objects or marks.
AUTOMATIC LEVEL
A level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same ____ in a process known as leveling
horizontal plane
A level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane in a process known as ____
leveling
with their vertical movement mechanism, are great tools for measuring vertical angles.
ENGINEER’S TRANSIT/Transit levels
Transit levels, with their ____, are great tools for measuring vertical angles.
vertical movement mechanism
are also preferred over other leveling tools for establishing straight lines as well as turning angles.
ENGINEER’S TRANSIT/Transit levels
a precision instrument used for measuring angles both horizontally and vertically.
THEODOLITE
can rotate along their horizontal axis as well as their vertical axis.
THEODOLITE
tend to have a more precise reading and provide greater accuracy in measuring angles than transits do.
THEODOLITE
Theodolites have a lot in common with transits.
Both theodolites and transits can be used for similar projects, but there are slight differences between the two instruments. Transits use ____ and ____ for angular readings. Theodolites use ____ and angular readings are taken using an ____.
vernier scales; external graduated metal circles
enclosed graduated circles; internal magnifying optical system
Transit levels are very similar to builder’s levels. When the telescope of a transit level is locked into place, it works almost exactly like a builder’s level. There is one main difference between a transit level and a builder’s level. A transit level, when not locked into place, can tilt only ____ and has a ____. This differs from the builder’s level which can move ____ in a ____.
vertically; very limited range of mobility
horizontally; complete circle
It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, and an on-board computer to collect data and perform triangulation calculations.
TOTAL STATION
OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND TOOLS (6)
- steel tape
- range finder
- plumb bob
- levelling rod
- range poles
- marking pins
The level should (always /never) be kept in a box when it is not used.
always
It (should/should not) remain in its carrying case when transported to the work site or when it has to be moved to another distant set up or over rough terrain.
should
The level (does/does not) have to be detached from the tripod when transferring to another nearby station, provided that it is securely fastened to the tripod and is carried properly.
does not
In open spaces,
the level may be carried ____ in preferably a ____ position.
on the shoulder; near-vertical
In open spaces,
The ____ is ____ so that the telescope does not rotate when carried.
spindle; clamped slightly
In open spaces,
It must be in ____ of ____ to avoid hitting into trees and underbrush.
full view; the person carrying it
In densely forested areas,
the ____ should be cradled between ____ and held close to one’s ____.
level; the arms; left or right chest
In densely forested areas,
The ____ should be ____ to allow the telescope to turn freely and give away readily to any pressure or possible collision with an object.
spindle; unclamped
The ____ should be of good quality rag paper, with stiff board or leather cover made to withstand hard usage, and of pocket size.
The Field Notebook
Types of Notes (5)
- Sketches
- Tabulations
- Explanatory Notes
- Computations
- Combination of the Above
is the person who is responsible for the overall direction, supervision, and operational control of the survey party.
Chief of Party
is to assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task assigned to the survey party.
Assistant chief of party
is the person who sets up, level, and operate surveying instruments such as the transit, engineer’s level, theodolite, plane table and alidade, and etc.
Instrumentman
is responsible for use and operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work operation.
Technician
is the person who perform all computations of survey data and works out necessary computational checks required in a field work operation.
Computer
is the person who keep a record of all sketches, drawings, measurements and observations taken or needed for a field work operation.
Recorder
the person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape.
Head tapeman
the person who assists the head tapeman during taping operations and in other related work.
Rear tapeman
is the person holding the flagpole or range pole at selected points as directed by the instrument man during operation.
Flagman
whose primary duty is to hold the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken on it.
Rodman
is the person who check all linear measurements made by the tapeman.
Pacer
is the person whose duty is to clear the line of sight of trees, bush, and other obstructions in wooded country.
Axeman/Lineman
is the person whose duty is to render first aid treatment to members of the survey party, who are involved in cases involving their health, safety, and well being.
Aidman
the persons whose duties are to render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party.
Utilitymen
