1.2 & 2.1 Social Psychology in Crisis Flashcards
What is science based off?
Methodology which allows it to be dynamic
What are the ideals of the dynamic of science?
Confirmation of findings
Self-correcting original findings
Explanations are tentative
Explanations are rigorously evaluated
Discuss self-corrected original findings
It is not an unchangeable element, but something where correction is a viable thing in its basis
Discuss tentative explanations - what does this mean?
Willing to understand that their explanation may be faulty
Never accepting hypotheses, just rejecting
Discuss rigorously evaluated explanations?
How we explain should be sensitive to the measurements
The measure should apply to the construct we are aiming to measure
What was Jacob Cohen famous for?
Cohen conducted the first power analysis
Introduced a measure of the size of an effect
Cohen’s d - effect size
What are the results of power analysis?
Very low power to detect small effects (18% power)
Modest power to detect medium effects (48% power)
Good power to detect large effects (83%)
What do you do when you do a power analysis?
When you do a power analysis, you estimate the effect size and look for 80% power to detect that effect size
If you do not have this much power, you are wasting resources
Why did publication bias occur regarding power?
Despite modest power, most articles did report significant results = showed publication bias
Publication bias = Published research only shows significant effects rather than insignificant
What is predictive of power in an experiment?
Sample size
What did Zajonc investigate?
Zajonc looked at the mere exposure effect:
Ps were asked to evaluate how positive the meaning of the Chinese symbols were
If they had seen the symbol before, Ps thought it had a more positive meaning even though they did not recognise that they had seen it before
However, only had 22 Ps
What did Stapel, 2011 investigate?
Investigating whether a feeling affects us if we are unaware of it
Primed Ps emotions of fear/disgust using photos
Measures how many fear/disgust and -ve affect words they complete in their word completion task
Wants to establish if they were aware of that feeling
What were the 2 conditions in Stapel’s (2011) study?
120ms presentation, can determine the emotion
40ms - super quick, cannot determine what the photo was - sensation picks up on this but does not translate to cognitive understanding
In the quick condition:
People show more words for the condition they were primed for
In the super-quick condition:
There is no specific word completion
If you were primed with fear, don’t use more fear words
However, if you were primed with either of those, you use more -ve affect words
What was the DV of Stapel’s (2011) study?
Following photo presentation, looked at what they would choose afterwards: taste strange food or watch a scary move?
Feeling disgust shouldn’t want to eat food, feeling fear don’t watch the movie
Found this to be true only when they were conscious of the prime
What was wrong with Stapel’s (2011) study?
The data was FAKED
What was Bem (2011) investigating?
Wanted to find out if the paranormal exists
Studied precognition - our ability to predict the future
Used the idea that exposure to erotic photos is a rewarding experience v a control
P would choose a curtain to reveal a photo
The algorithm of the computer would kick in after the button had been pressed as to where the reward would be found
What did Bem’s (2011) results show?
Found that people were better than chance at choosing the curtain that hid the erotic picture compared to non-erotic pictures
No rewarding experience, no sign of precognition
What is wrong with Bem’s (2011) study?
The results mess up with everything we know about physics - the basic idea of linearity of time
What did “Investigating Variation in Replicability” show?
10 effects replicated consistently
What are QRP’s?
Questionable research practices
Give an example of a QRP
Playing with Type 1 error after collecting data by: Choosing DV's Changing sample size Using covariates Reporting selective conditions
What is the first thing we can do to evaluate whether something happens by chance or not?
P hacking - based on the expected distribution of p values
What does the R index focus on?
Power:
Looking at the actual power index of the expt
If the effect was found to be consistently low, then there is some indication that there are questionable research practices (QRPs) going on
When there is low power, unlike to find consistent findings
What is the average power of psych experiments?
33%
Why is there an issue with publication bias in terms of how many papers produce significant results?
Only 3/10 papers produce significant results
What is HARKing?
Hypothesising after the results have been found
Misinforming the readers
What else can suffer if we hyperfocus on replicability?
Discovery, internal validity, external validity, construct validity, consequentiality and cumulativeness
What are the 6 principles of open science?
Open data Open source Open access Open methodology Open peer review Open educational resources
What are boundary conditions?
Interesting to say when and how the effect comes to be compared to whether the effect actually exists or not
How can we fix the issues faced with psychological research?
Focus on boundary conditions
Adversarial collaborations
Systematic issues - hiring, tenure, promotions
What are adversarial collaborations?
Referring to bias
A scientific experiment conducted by two groups of experimenters with competing hypotheses
Aim: constructing and implementing an experimental design in a way that satisfies both groups that there are no obvious biases or weaknesses in the experimental design
