12 Flashcards
known as Computer Age, Digital Age, or Age of New Media, is a historical period beginning in mid-20th century, whose defining characteristic is a rapid shift from traditional industries to an economy driven by the need for information access and control
Information Age
beginning of the Information Age was set up through the invention of the
Transistor
President and Creative Director of Waters Design Associates, Inc., describes the Information Age as a time when information got ahead of humankind and grew at a speed that we were unprepared to handle
John Walters
Age were farther back in the past. These building blocks include the development of writing systems across ancient civilizations, puter Age, Dig such as that of the ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, Chinese
cuneiform
hieroglyphics
small seal script
From manual, tedious, and slow ancient printing methods, in which the cloth, paper, or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to complete the transfer of ink
Printing Press
Who invented the printing press
Johannes Gutenberg
is a device that applies pressure to an inked surface lying on a medium (i.e., cloth or paper to transfer the ink), his hand mold printing press led to the creation of the metal movable type
The printing press
From this invention also, a new branch of print media was introduced and was known
The press
did not stop the production of modified printing press like rotary press run by steam and used in industrial scale printing in
20th Century
When soldiers left for war, the shortage got worse, so the United States mechanized the problem by building the
Harvard Mark 1
50-feet long electromechanical computer, which was capable of doing calculations in seconds that took people hours
Harvard Mark 1
the British also needed mathematicians to crack the German navy’s
Enigma Code
was used by the Germans to transcribe their messages in encryption using a machine
Enigma Code
which looked like an oversized typewriter
Enigma
an English mathematician, was hired in 1936 by the British top-secret Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park to break the Enigma code.
Alan Turning
an electromechanical machine that allowed the British to read all daily German naval Enigma traffic by searching through the permutations
Bombe
was a researcher at Bell Laboratories, where he met Turing in 1943
Claude E. Shannon
Science and computer historians alike trace the formal beginnings of the Information Age to the work of the American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer
Claude E. Shannon
wrote a landmark paper proposing that all information can be encoded as a series of ones and zeroes
Claude E. Shannon
he demonstrated that all information media, from telephone signals to radio waves to television images can be transmitted without any error using his framework
Claude E Shannon
built a simple computer around the 8080-microprocessor hooked up to a keyboard and television in 1976.
Steve Wozniak
realized that PCs needed software and sold his Microsoft programs
Bill Gates
The Internet was developed during the 1970s by the
United States Department of defense
The development of ——- allowed for billions of bits of information to be received every minute.
fiber-optic cables
developed faster microprocessors so personal computers could process the incoming signals at a more rapid rate.
Intel
In early 1990s, was developed largely for commercial purposes.
World Wide Web
Corporations created ——- where they could place text and graphics to sell products.
Home Pages
was a convenient way to send a message to associates or friends.
Electronic mail or Email
allowed individuals to Converse who may never have had the opportunity in the past. Educational opportunities were greatly enhanced because of the wealth of knowledge now placed at the fingertips of any wired individual
Chatrooms and Email
Evolutions of the Information Age in the 2010s In the last decade, the Information Age saw even greater
leaps, so much that it came to be known as a “.”
decade of disruption
The evolutions of science and technology during the
Information Age, particularly in the last two decades, led to the argument that the world may well be in the midst of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, also called
4IR or Industry
German engineer, economist, and founder of the World Economic Forum (WEF)) Klaus Schwab
) Klaus Schwab
Machines, devices, sensors, and people will be able to seamlessly connect and communicate with each other through the Internet of Things (IoT), or the Internet of People (IoP).
Interconnection
- Industry 4.0 will also establish the technological prerequisites of systems able to assist humans in decision-making and problem-solving and help them with difficult or unsafe tasks.
Technical Assistance
- Industry 4.0 will also establish the technological prerequisites of systems able to assist humans in decision-making and problem-solving and help them with difficult or unsafe tasks.
Technical Assistance
Cyber physical systems of Industry 4.0 will be capable of independent decision- making and autonomous performance of tasks.
Decentralized decisions
American professor and science philosopher ———– sounded the call for the ethical se of information. In his article published at the MIS Quarterly, —- first called the world’s attention, these issues are ever proposed four major issues of information ethics of the Information more relevant
Richard O. Mason
Mason explains that citizens must exercise caution in using information technologies. He pinpoints two threats to —–, which, although written as contextualized in 1986, still strike a familiar chord to many who may have fallen prey to abuse of information and, with it, vicious attacks on the Internet. First, he points to the rapid growth of information technology, particularly its ever pervasive capacity for surveillance, communication, computation, storage, and
Privacy
, also called 4IR or Industry 4.0.
4th Industrial revolution
was developed during the 1970s by the United States Department of Defense, mainly by scientists to communicate with other scientists
Internet
was developed largely for commercial purposes.
Www
Developed faster microprocessors so personal computers could process the incoming signals at a more rapid rate.
Intel
was born by the 1970s who wanted their own personal computers (PCs).
Electronic brain
built a simple computer around the 8080-microprocessor hooked up to a keyboard and television in 1976
Steve Wozniak
was a convenient way to send a message to associates or friends.
Electronic mail or Email
saw even greater
leaps, so much that it came to be known as a “decade of disruption.” These were made possible through significant technological
Information Age
the process of appending geographic coordinates on the location of a mobile device, has become very common on the Internet.
Geotagging
The software industry, which is the primary beneficiary of this shift, quickly migrated from physical storage to the new business model of data storage
Software as a service
As information becomes more accessible and transparent, Industry 4.0 technology will provide stakeholders information to make decisions.
Information transparency
Industry 4.0 will also establish the technological prerequisites of systems able to assist humans in decision-making and problem-solving and help them with difficult or unsafe tasks.
Technical Assistance
Cyber physical systems of Industry 4.0 will be capable of independent decision- making and autonomous performance of tasks
Decentralized decision
only at its infancy, the American professor and science philosopher ————- sounded the call for the ethical use of information.
Richard O. Mason
Mason explains that citizens must exercise caution in using information technologies
Privacy
Misinformation fouls up people’s lives. This is exacerbated when the party holding inaccurate information are in positions of power and authority.
Accuracy
Mason states that the issue of ——- is probably the most complex of the four. Several economic and ethical questions surrounding intellectual —— are hinged on the special attributes of information and the ways it is transmitted.
Property
is difficult to safeguard, because, unlike tangible property, once it is produced, it becomes communicable, and replication comes in handy without destroying the original, regardless of how difficult it is to produce it. Information is easily reproducible on the Internet.
Intellectual property
that is false and deliberately created to harm a person, social group, organization, or country”
Disinformation
is defined as information that is based on reality, used to inflict harm on a person, social group, organization, or country, while misinformation is information that is false but not created with the intention of causing harm
Mal-information
information that is false but not created with the intention of causing harm
Misinformation
is when a political candidate during election season posts false statistics with the intent of discrediting their competitor.
Disinformation
when is when a person posts an article containing outdated information, but does not realize it.
Misinformation
is when someone posts a photo of victims of disaster without any context-the photo depicts something that really happened before, but without any credible information to accompany the photo.
Mal-information
the information is false, but the person disseminating it believes that it is true.
Misinformation
can be conceived as “a deliberate, intentional lie, and points to people being actively ——- by malicious actors
Disinformation
potentially catastrophic present where powerful institutions use tools and propaganda for their vested interests
Perfect Storm
the term given to a range of inaccuracies of information. At its core, however, ——— can be defined as news stories or articles that are false (i.e., the story itself is fabricated, without any supporting fact, source, or quotation to vet its veracity). Often, ——— are written or published to purposely influence views, promote political motives, damage one’s reputation, or deceive the readers.
Fake News
as the term suggests, is the activity and process of verifying factual information to ensure veracity and correctness.
Fact Checking
refers to the variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of living things at all levels, from genes to ecosystems
Biological diversity or Biodiversity
refers to the gene pool or total genetic information that exists in all individual microorganisms, plants, animals and humans
Genetic Diversity
is the most common level of biodiversity and comprises the number of different species at a place. It consists of the abundance of microorganisms, plants, and animal species found in a geographic region.
Species Biodiversity
The number of species that thrive in a certain location is referred to as
Species Richness
refers to the variations in ecosystems within a geographical location. It is the variety of habitats, biotic communities, and ecological processes in the biosphere, and is a complex level of diversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
very important to the well-being of the planet
Biodiversity
Tang (2020) explained four main types of benefits of biodiversity to humans:
nutritional, cultural, health, and climate-related
biodiversity provides food sources and ensures food security, allows for better nutrition, and contributes to agricultural resilience.
Nutritional
it helps in climate adaptation, improves microclimates, and sustains the water cycle.
Climate
provides materials for traditional and modern medicine, prevents the spread of infectious diseases from animals, and contributes to physical and mental health
Health
disrupt the new habitats they are introduced in, threatening the native biodiversity by outcompeting them for resources
Invasive alien Species
which is an integral component of the Convention on Biological Diversity Vie biodiversity mainstreaming, biodiversity logicservations viewed as a pre-condition of sustainable development.
Biodiversity mainstreaming
most common of which has been for the expansion of agriculture transformed forests, wetlands, and grasslands for cropping or livestock use
Land and sea use change
caused 33% of marine fish stocks to be overfished, while poaching and hunting endanger many mammals to extinction.
Overexploitation
an infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans. In fact, 70% of emerging infectious diseases in recent years have stemmed
Zoonosis
happens when a virus reaches an intermediary host, in which it is unable to achieve optimal concentration to thrive, the chances of it continuing to spread are very low or it quickly dies out.
Dilution
happens when a virus reaches an intermediary host whose genetic diversity allows it to adapt to the virus, thereby becoming resistant and preventing further spread.
Buffer
Optical Amplifier
Gordon Gould
Transistor was invented by
John Bardeen and Walter Brattain
Roman Empire
Parchment Codex
which was a multilateral environmental agreement on biodiversity conservation, defined it as the variability among living organisms from all sources including all the ecological complexes of which they are a part, including diversity within species, between species and ecosystem
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992
pool or total genetic information that exists in all individual microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans.
Genetic biodiversity
least observable as it represents variations only within species.
Genetic Diversity
least observable as it represents variations only within species.
Genetic Diversity
Biodiversity supports global nutrition and food security, providing fruits, vegetables, and animal products, which pronecessary to a healthy and balanced diet. Yet, these species are increasingly under threat in many parts of the world.
Health and Food Security
Healthier ecosystems and a richer biodiversity have also been linked to an overall increase in human health. First, plants are important in developing medicines. Second, biodiversity conservation also leads to lower instances of infectious diseases which originate from animals
Fight diseases
biodiversity provides food sources and ensures food security, allows for better nutrition, and contributes to agricultural resilience
Nutritional
biodiversity provides. materials for traditional and modern medicine, prevents the spread of infectious diseases from animals, and contributes to physical and mental health.
Health benefits
source of energy, recreational activities, and even culture and identity
Cultural
is viewed as a pre-condition of sustainable development
Biodiversity Conservation
integral component of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Biodiversity Mainstreaming
(believed to be bats but exact evidence is yet to be found
Reservoir Host
(believed to be bats but exact evidence is yet to be found
Reservoir Host
