1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

State characteristics of secondary storage devices that Nina should consider when choosing a device

A

Capacity
Speed
Portability
Durability
Reliability
Cost

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2
Q

What is meant by the capacity of a storage device

A

Refers to how much data needs to be stored

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3
Q

What is meant by the speed of a storage device

A

Speed: refers to how quickly can data be read and transferred?

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4
Q

What is meant by the portability of a storage device

A

Portability: refers to if data needs to be transported, are size, shape and weight important?

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5
Q

What is meant by the durability of the storage device

A

Refers to how robust the media is
Will it be damaged by shocks, and extreme conditions?

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6
Q

What is meant by the reliability of the storage decice

A

does it need to be used over and over again without failing?

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7
Q

What is meant by the cost of the storage device

A

how expensive is the media per byte of storage?

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8
Q

why data needs to be converted into binary to be processed by a computer

A

With just two states, electronic components are:

Easier to manufacture

Therefore cheaper

More reliable

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9
Q

Examples of using two states to store data:

A

ram
hard disk
optical disk
flash memory

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10
Q

effect of binary left shift

A

multiply binary number by 2

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11
Q

effect of binary right shift

A

divide binary number by 2

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12
Q

remember to circle overflows in the exam and label it - overflow

A
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13
Q

a character set is

A

A defined list of characters recognised by the computer hardware and software. With each character being represented by a single number

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14
Q

examples of character set

A

Ascii - 7 bit character set
Extended ascii - 8 bit character set
Unicode

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15
Q

How are images represented

A

Each pixel has a specific colour, represented by a specific code

Bitmap pictures are constructed from coloured squares called pixels

an image is represented as a series of pixels, represented in
binary

Each pixel of a bitmap is stored in binary

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16
Q

How many colours can 1 bit store
How many colours can 2 bit score

The number of bits required for each pixel depends on the number of colours required

A

1 bit has 2 possible values: 0 and 1. Therefore 1 bit can store 2 colours: black or white

2 bits have 4 possible values: 00, 01, 10 and 11. Therefore 2 bits can store 4 colours.

17
Q

How can the number of colours be calculated

A

The number of colours can be calculated as 2n. Where ā€˜nā€™ is the number of bits for each pixel

18
Q

What is colour depth

A

The number of bits for each pixel is known as the colour depth

19
Q

What is metadata

A

Metadata is additional data stored with the image to define the width, height, colour depth and colour palette.

20
Q

How to make image quality better

A

The greater the colour depth and resolution, the larger the file size of the image (and quality of the image)

21
Q

What is resolution

A

Resolution is the number of pixels in a bitmap image

22
Q

Photographs are stored in 24 bit colour depth
Calculate no. of colours

A

. Each pixel is stored in 24 bits. This is 2^24 = over 16 million colours

The number of different colours the human eye can see.

23
Q

What affects the quality of a digitally converted sound wave and the file size?

A

Sample rate (speed)

Bit Depth (detail)

24
Q

what is sample rate

A

Sample rate:

The number of samples stored per second

the sample rate is the number of times per second the amplitude of the sound wave is measured - measured in khZ
e.g. cd quality is 44.1khz (44,100 samples per second)

25
Q

higher sample rate means

A

The higher the number of samples per second, the higher the quality of the sound (the better the audio quality as the digital data more closely resembles an analogue wave), and the larger the file size

26
Q

what is bit depth

A

Bit depth:
The number of bits stored per sample

the number of bits available to represent each sample

e.g. a sample with a bit depth of 4 could be 0101 or 0111 or 1010
A sample with bit depth of 8 could be 01100110

common bit depth is

27
Q

higher bit depth means

A

The higher the number of bits, the greater the quality of the sound, and the larger the file size

higher bit depth, the more bits are available to be used for each sample. Therefore the quality is often higher as teh wave more closely resembles an analogue wav

file size will be larger, - if the bit depth is higher, as each sample stores additional bits

28
Q

how to calculate file size for sound

A

The total number of bits in a sound

Calculated as the (Number of samples per second) x (Number of bits per sample) x (Length of sample in seconds)

sample rate (In hertz) x bit depth x duration (in seconds)

29
Q

problem with digital sound wave

A

digital saplining is discrete (separate) and not continuous like analogue waves
Its lost a lot of data

30
Q

in sound, how can the digital data be improved
how to get highest quality sound

A

The digital data can be improved by taking samples more regularly
to get the highest quality sound, many samples are taken to recreate the analouge wave as closely as possible

31
Q

what will a low sample rate result in

A

A low sample rate will result in a low-quality sound because the digital data dos not closely resemble the original analogue wave

32
Q

reasons for compression

A

Compression reduces the size of a file so it takes up less space.

Maximise the amount you can store on a device.

Smaller files are quicker when transferred (streamed) over the internet.

files take up less storage space (so more files can be stored)
files can be transferred quicker because they are smaller
files can be read from or written to quicker

33
Q

what increases the file sizes of images

A

number of colours - because we need more bits per pixel to store a greater range of possible colours

34
Q

one way to make image file size smaller

A

One way to make the file size smaller would be to store a lower number of colours

Or to store bigger areas of pixels as one colour

Both of these techniques will reduce the quality of the image

This is known as lossy compression

35
Q

types of compression

A

lossy
lossless

36
Q

features of lossy compression

A

Some of the data is lost and cannot be recovered

Greatly reduces the file size

Reduces the quality of the image/sound

Suitable for images, sound and video

Cannot be used on text and executable files

37
Q

FEATURES OF LOSSLESS COMPRESSION

A

None of the data is lost, it is encoded differently

Can be turned back into original format

Can be used on all types of data

Is usually less effective than lossy compression at reducing the file size

Most suitable for documents and executable files.

38
Q

equation for file size for text files - characters

A

file size = number of bits per character xnumber of characters

file size in bits

39
Q

file size for images equation

A

file size = image resolution x colour depth = width x height x colour depth

colour depth also known as bit depth

1 bit represents 2 colours ( black and white)