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Wjec Biology As Unit 1 > 1.2 > Flashcards

1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the typical size of an eukaryotic cell

A

30 micrometers um

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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

Cells contains DNA in chromosomes in a nucleus and possess membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

Size of mitochondria

A

1-10 micrometers um

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4
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP

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5
Q

Where is mitochondria present

A

All cells

Higher number in metabolically active cells eg muscles and liver

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6
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Site of aerobic respiration

Contain chlorophyll

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7
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

Contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis

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8
Q

Nucleus structure

A
  • largest organelle in cytoplasm
  • 10-20 um
  • double membrane- outer is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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9
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Produces rRNA/ribosomes

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10
Q

Nucleolus structure

A

Small spherical structure

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11
Q

Nuclear envelope function

A

Separates DNA from rest of the cell

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12
Q

Nuclear envelope structure

A

Double membrane with a space inbetween

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13
Q

Nuclear pore function

A

Allows movement of ribosomes out of the nucleus

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14
Q

Nuclear pore structure

A

The space in between the nuclear envelope

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15
Q

Nucleoplasm function

A

Contains chromatin which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

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16
Q

Nucleoplasm structure

A

Material inside the nucleus

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17
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

ATP synthesis

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18
Q

Mitochondria structure

A
  • cylindrical shape - easier for Oxygen to diffuse
  • self- replicating due to ribosomes and loops of DNA
  • inner membrane folded to cristae - increase surface area for enzyme attachment during respiration
  • matrix which contains 70s ribosomes and circle of DNA
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19
Q

Where is mitochondria present

A

All cells but in higher number in metabolically active cells eg muscle, liver and sperm cells

20
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Site of photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll

21
Q

Chloroplast structure

A
  • self-replicating due to 70s ribosomes and circular DNA
  • thylakoid increases surface area to absorb sunlight
  • stroma contains 70s ribosomes and circle of DNA
  • plant cells only
  • granum which is stacks of thylakoids
22
Q

Similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts

A
  • found in cytoplasm
  • double membrane
  • contain DNA
  • folded internal membrane
  • 70s ribosomes
  • self-replicating
23
Q

Differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts

A
  • M animal and plant/Ch plant only
  • M aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis/ Ch photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll
  • M cristae/ Ch thylakoid
24
Q

Function of both endoplasmic reticulums

A

Extensive transport system which is involved in the collection, storage and distribution of molecules

25
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Protein synthesis and transport

26
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum structure

A
  • complex system of double membrane

* continuous with the nuclear membrane

27
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

A
  • ribosomes attached to surface

* parallel double membrane

28
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis

29
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Membrane not parallel

No ribosomes

30
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Protein synthesis and translation

31
Q

Ribosomes structure

A
  • chemical components - rRNA and protein
  • small sub unit - mRNA attachment site
  • large sub unit - tRNA attachment site
  • in cytoplasm and attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
32
Q

Golgi body function

A
  • modification and packages proteins into vesicles for export
  • transport and storage of lipids
  • produces glycoproteins and lysosomes
33
Q

Golgi body structure

A

Stacks of flattened sacks

34
Q

How is the Golgi body formed

A
  • small vesicles containing polypeptides are pinched off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • number of vesicles fuse to make a Golgi body
35
Q

How does the Golgi body send materials to the cell membrane

A
  • small vesicles pinched off from the Golgi body
  • chemicals/materials in the secretory vesicles can be secreted when the vesicle moves to the cell membrane for exocytosis
36
Q

Lysosomes function

A

• digest worn out organelles within the cell and foreign material that has been engulfed by phagocytosis

37
Q

Lysosomes structure

A
  • small, single membrane-bound vacuoles that are pinched off the Golgi body
  • contain the digestive enzyme lysozyme
38
Q

Centrioles function

A
  • during cell division- they migrate to separate poles of the cell and produce spindle fibres
  • this assists the movement of chromosomes
39
Q

Centrioles structure

A
  • two rings of microtubules at right angles to each other
  • in animal cells and protoctistans
  • absent from higher plant cells
40
Q

Vacuole function

A
  • supporting soft plant tissues

* store chemicals such as glucose and amino acids in the cell saps

41
Q

Vacuole structure

A
  • large central vacuole surrounded by the tonoplast

* plant cells only

42
Q

Cell walls function

A
  • provides strength to cell wall - resists expansion of vacuole
  • transport of water and dissolved molecules and ions through gaps in cellulose fibres - apoplast pathway
43
Q

Plasmodesmata function

A
  • communication between cells via pores in the cell walls
  • cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate efficient exchange of signalling molecules between neighbouring cells
  • establishes living bridges between cells
44
Q

Plasmodesmata structure

A
  • plant cells only

* plasma membrane, cytoplasmic sleeve, desmotubule

45
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

Single-celled organism lacking membrane-bound organelles

46
Q

What does the cell theory state

A

New cells are formed from other existing cells and that the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function and organisation in all living organisms

47
Q

What is different about prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A
  • lack of membrane-bound organelles
  • no nucleus loops of DNA
  • 70s ribosomes not 80s
  • murein cell wall
  • mesosome for aerobic respiration

Wjec Biology As Unit 1 (7 decks)

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