11BIO Flashcards
YR11/IGCSE BIOLOGY
What is the functions of biomolecules
They build structure and is used in metabolic reaction.
What is a disaccharide?
Its when 2 monosaccharides join together. (e.g: sucrose (table sugar), maltose (malt sugar), lactose (milk sugar).
What is a polysaccharide?
Its when multiple monosaccharides/simple sugars join together. (e.g: starch, cellulose, glycogen)
Where are the common polysaccharides found?
starch - found in plant cells
cellulose - makes up plant walls
glycogen - found in animal cells
how much energy does 1g carbohydrate release?
17 Kj of energy
What is glucose used for?
Its used in cells as a fast source of energy
How is energy released in carbohydrates?
By respiration
What is sucrose used for?
Plants transport carbohydrates in the form of sucrose
What is starch used for?
Plants store carbohydrates in the form of starch.
What is glycogen used for?
Animals store carbohydrates as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
What is cellulose used for?
Its used to make crisscrossing fibers from which plant cells are constructing.
properties of lipids
its insoluble to water
state the polymers of lipids
waxes, steroids, triglycerides, phospholipids
How is energy released in lipids?
its used in a cell to release energy. Its only used in cells when all the carbohydrates have been used up.
How much energy is 1g lipids?
39KJ of energy
Where is lipids stored?
under the skin (adipose tissue)
functions of lipids
- makes cell membrane
- stores energy as a back up
- stored under skin for insulation
What is proteins made out of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (and some sulfur)
Monomers of proteins
amino acids (serine, lysine)
what’s chains do monomers form
they form polypeptide chains
briefly explain why the arrangement and type of amino acid is important.
because different arrangement of amino acids make up different proteins and form different shapes. small change in sequence affects the protein significantly. amino acids make up the protein so do the order.
what are proteins?
large polymers made out of repeating monomers (amino acids) that are held together by peptide bonds.
explain peptide bond and polypeptide chain.
peptide bond is the bond between amino acids, its what makes them together. polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids.
briefly explain the primary structure of a protein & what its held together by.
primary structure: a sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds (normal)
briefly explain secondary structure of a protein & what its held together by.
the polypeptide chains fold into structures (helixes or folded sheets). its held together by hydrogen bonds.
briefly explain tertiary structure of a protein & what its held together by.
three dimensional folding of a protein, gives it a specific shape. its held together by hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and ionic bonds.
Briefly explain quaternary structure of a protein & what its held together by.
Contains more than 2 tertiary units. (e.g: Hemoglobin is made up of four different tertiary units bonded together.)
What are the functions of proteins?
- growth and repair
- transportation of molecules
- hormone production
- enzyme production
How can you tell if an Iodine test is positive or negative
positive: blue
negative: orange
How can you tell if a benedict test is positive or negative?
positive: red-yellow
negative: dark blue
What is an important step of benedict solution?
you gotta heat it 80 degrees or more for 4 mins
What does ethanol test? (emulsion test)
Lipids/fats
How can you tell if a emulsion test is positive or negative?
positive: milky
negative: clear
How can you tell if a biurets test is positive or negative?
positive: purple
negative: light blue
What solutions do you need for biurets test?
copper sulfate & sodium hydroxide
Why is water important (4 reasons)
- its a solvent for metabolic reaction that occurs in cells
- it dissolves glucose in blood so that they can be transported around the body
- dissolves enzymes/nutrients in the digestive system so digestion can occur
- allows us to get rid of waste products in kidneys
symptoms of overhydration
- clear urine
- excessive urination
- fatigue/headaches
- swollen feet or hands
What are vitamins?
They are organic substances that are needed in small amounts aid in cell function, growth and development. There are 13 different types of vitamins
What are minerals?
Each minerals help the body, in different, specialized ways.
What is the importance of vitamin c, and what deficiency can you get from not taking enough?
Vitamin C is found in citric acid and raw vegetables, and helps keep tissues in good repair. You can get scurvy which causes pain in joints and muscles, and can cause your gums to bleed.
What is the importance of vitamin D, and what deficiency can you get from not taking enough?
Vitamin D is commonly found in butter, egg yolk and from sunlight. It helps calcium be absorbed to help keep bones and teeth healthy. You can get rickets which causes bone deformities, and cause your bones to be soft.
Examples of minerals: Calcium & Iron
iron: Makes hemoglobin, a protein that helps RBC transport oxygen.
calcium: helps keep bones and teeth strong and healthy.
What helps nutrient helps is meet our nutritional needs?
Vitamin, protein, mineral, carbs & fat
