114 Final Exam Flashcards
Bretton Woods Institutions/System
An international monetary system that created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank
World Bank
An international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low and middle-income countries for the purposes of economic development.
International Monetary Fund
An organization of 189 member countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
Canadian Constitution Act 1867
It created the Dominion of Canada, uniting the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia into a federal state.
Canadian Constitution Act 1982
Patriated (brought home) the Canadian Constitution—Canada could now amend its own Constitution without British involvement.
Canadian Federal Government’s White Paper on
Indigenous Nations (1969)
It aimed to eliminate the distinct legal status of Indigenous peoples under the law, particularly by repealing the Indian Act and assimilating Indigenous peoples into Canadian society.
Conditionality (loans of the IMF and WB)
The set of conditions that countries must agree to in order to receive loans or financial assistance from the IMF or World Bank.
These conditions usually require the borrowing country to implement specific economic policies or reforms to ensure they can repay the loan and improve economic stability.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
the idea that businesses have responsibilities beyond just making profits. It means that companies should also consider the social, environmental, and ethical impacts of their operations.
Cosmopolitan Ethics
Cosmopolitan ethics is the belief that all human beings, regardless of nationality, race, religion, or culture, are part of a single moral community, and therefore deserve equal moral consideration.
It emphasizes universal moral principles over national, cultural, or local loyalties.
Neoliberal Good Governance
It’s a model of governance that blends neoliberal economic principles with reforms aimed at making governments more efficient, transparent, and accountable—often promoted by institutions like the World Bank, IMF, and UN in the Global South.
Keynesian
When times are tough, governments should spend to boost demand and create jobs.
Welfare Economics
Welfare economics is a branch of economics that focuses on how economic activity affects human well-being and how resources can be allocated to improve social welfare.
Doctrine of Discovery; Terra Nullius
The Doctrine of Discovery was a legal and moral justification used by European colonial powers to claim lands inhabited by non-Christian, non-European peoples.
“If a European Christian nation ‘discovered’ a land, they could claim sovereignty over it—even if Indigenous people already lived there.”
Feminist Development
puts gender equality and women’s empowerment at the center of global development thinking.
Global Civil Society
It’s a space where people and groups come together to advance common causes on a global scale, aiming to shape policy, promote human rights, protect the environment, and improve social justice.
Global Compact (UN’s MNC code of conduct)
The UN Global Compact is a voluntary initiative launched by the United Nations in 2000 to encourage businesses around the world to adopt sustainable and socially responsible practices. It’s essentially a corporate responsibility framework that aligns business operations with universal principles on human rights, labor, the environment, and anti-corruption.
Human Security
shifts the focus from state-centric security (the protection of borders and military threats) to people-centered security (the protection of individuals from a wide range of threats).
Indian Act (1876)
a Canadian federal law that governs the relationship between the Canadian government and Indigenous peoples.
Indigenous Rights
Indigenous rights are rooted in the concept of self-determination, which affirms that Indigenous peoples have the right to freely determine their political status, choose their own forms of governance, and manage their own resources. These rights also recognize the unique relationship Indigenous peoples have with their traditional lands, cultures, and ways of life, which are integral to their identity.
Indigenous Self-Government Policy (1995)
a significant policy framework established by the Canadian government to recognize and support self-governance for Indigenous communities in Canada. The policy was part of a broader devolution process that aimed to provide Indigenous peoples with greater autonomy and control over their own affairs, including political, social, and economic systems.
International Development Projects
initiatives designed to promote social, economic, environmental, and political progress in developing or less-developed countries.
Middle Power
a state that is not a global superpower, like the United States, China, or Russia, but still holds significant influence in the international system.
International Organizations (IOs)
entities created by states, governments, or other international actors with the purpose of coordinating and promoting international cooperation in various fields, such as economic development, human rights, peace and security, trade, environmental protection, and humanitarian aid.
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
non-profit, voluntary organizations that operate independently of any government. They play a critical role in addressing social, economic, environmental, and human rights issues at local, national, and international levels.
