1.12 Shaken and Stirred

Question 1

p waves

Answer 1

short wavelength
travel fast through both solid + liquid
waves push and pull in direction of travel to make compressional and extensional zones

Question 2

s secondary waves

Answer 2

slower than p waves and can only move through solid

longer wavelength and movement is at right angles to direction of travel

Question 3

l love waves

Answer 3

slowest but most destructive waves, only move at surface

largest amplitude and shake ground from side to side

Question 4

what do vertical p waves do

Answer 4

cause the ground to move up and down

Question 5

what do vertical s waves do

Answer 5

cause the ground to move back and forth

Question 6

cause the ground to alternate movement from left to right

Answer 6

love wave

Question 7

stable soil vs liquified soil

Answer 7

loosely packed grains of soil are held together by friction and pore spaces are filled with water, in liquefaction, shaking destabilises the soil , increasing space between grains so soil flows like a liquid

Question 8

what does crust fracturing do

Answer 8

energy released causes crust to crack and land to displace vertically

Question 9

secondary effects of earthquakes

Answer 9

landslides when ground shaking dislodges slope material causing it to slide/topple

Question 10

primary effects

Answer 10

ground shaking or crustal fracturing

Question 11

aftershocks

Answer 11

smaller earthquakes can occur whilst the fault settles down which can significantly impact response and recovery

Question 12

prediction of earthquakes

Answer 12

foreshocks can provide warning signs
animal behaviour
p waves trigger early warning systems and aid immediate response