112-300 Flashcards
Vertically transmitted infections
Herpes complex
Hepatitis B
Toxoplasmosis
Cytomegalovirus
A measure of the biologically degradable organic matter in water
BOD
Protein product separated from the whey by the action of rennin enzyme in certain bacteria
Curd
Made by churning cream until fatty globules separate
Butter
Cell membrane damage causes death because
Cell contents leak out
Chloramphenicol binds to the 50s portion of ribosomes, which will interfere with:
Translation in prokaryotic cells
Factors contribute to antibiotic resistance
Enzymatic destruction/ inactivation
Prevention of penetration to the target site
Alteration of the target site
Rapid efflux of the antibiotic
Bacterium grows in the peripheral nervous system
Mycobacterium leprae
Strongyloides stercoralis
Intestinal nematodes
Plasmodium spp causes benign tertian malaria
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium spp causes malignant tertian malaria
Plasmodium falciparum
American trypanosomiasis
Chaga’s disease
Treatment of choice of american trypanosomiasis or chaga’s disease
Nifurtimox and benzidazole
Vector of paragonimiasis
Crabs
DOC of bancrofti filariasis
Diethycarbamazine citrate
Smallest tapeworm infecting human
Hymenolepsis nana
Fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica
Live fluke
Vector of hymenolepiasis
Flea
A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host
Parasitism
Type of host wherein the parasite attains sexual maturity
Definitive host
Final host
Type of host in which the parasite does not develop further or later stages
Paratenic host
Type of host which harbors the asexual or larval stage of parasite
Intermediate host
Defined as permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts
Disease eradication
This refers to the number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite spp at a given time
Prevalence
DOC of trichuriasis
Mebendazole
Human may serve as both intermediate and definitive host of this type of cestode, therefore both tissue and intestinal infections occur in man
Taenia solium
Can complete its entire life cycle in a single host
Hymenolepsis nana
It does not require an obligatory intermediate host
Hymenolepsis nana
Oriental blood fluke
Schistosoma japonicum
Paragonimus westermani
Lung fluke
Pulmonary distomiasism
Endemic hemoptysis
Parasitic hemoptysis
Requires oncomelania snails as intermediate host
Schistosoma japonicum
Parasite of bile duct and gallbladder of humans and fish-eating mammals
Clonorchis sinensis
Parasites isolated in the placenta
Toxoplasma
Trypanosoma
Malaria
Diagnostic technique used to recover eggs of enterobius vermicularis and taenia spp
Perianal swab
A routine method of stool examination primarily useful in the detection of motile protozoan trophozoites using 0.85%nss
Direct fecal smear
Technique used in detecting eggs with tick shells such as ascaris and trichuris, using a mixture of GLYCERINE & MALACHITE GREEN SOLUTION
Kato tick method
Enterobius vermicularis
Pinworm
Cat hookworm
Ancylostoma braziliense
Etiologic agent of chaga’s disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
Old world hookworm
Ancylostoma doudenale
New world hookworm
Necator americanus
Drugs that inhibit the 50s portion of the bacterial ribosome
Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol
Quinupristin
Clindamycin
Microbial source of tetracycline
Streptomyces aureofaciens
Co-trimoxazole is a combination of:
Sulfamethoxazole + clavulanic acid
Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
Flouroquinolones exert their antimicrobial action by inhibiting:
Topoisomerase II
Topoisomerase IV
Trimethoprim is an inhibitor of which enzyme:
Dihydofolate reductase
A synthetic antifungal agent that inhibits squalene epoxidase
Terbinafine
Most resistant to the action of penicillinase
Methicillin
Role of cilastatin sodium when combined with imipenem is:
It prevents degradation of imipenem in the kidneys
Aminoglucosides are derived from streptomyces
Streptomycin
Tobramycin
Neomycin
Spectinomycin
Most dangerous form of malaria
P. Falciparum
Use to treat cases of MDR tuberculosis
Isoniazid and pyrazinamide
Ethambutol and pyrazinamide
Rifampin and ethambutol
Rifampin and pyrazinamide
Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis is defined as:
Resistance to both the first line drugs and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs
Intracellular parasite
Rickettsia
Ringworm infection of the scalp
Tinea capitis
Type of ringworm also referred as onychomycosis
Tinea unguium
This disease is caused by the virus human parvovirus B19 and results in symptoms similar to a mild case of influenza and a “slapped cheek” facial rash
Erythema infectiosum
Example of subcutaneous mycosis
Sporotrichosis
Causative agent of plague, which is known in the middle ages as the BLACK DEATH
Yersinia pestis
Malaria infection is initiated by the bite of a mosquito, which injects this form of the protozoan into the bloodstream
Sporozoite
HEPATITIS C VIRUS
Flaviviriddae
Hepatitis virus contains a single strand of rna, which is not capable of causing an infection. It becomes infectious when an external envelope of HBsAg covers the protein core of the virus
HDV
Strongest oligodynamic action
Silver
Used as a gaseous chemosterilizer
Ethylene oxide
Example of spirochete
Treponema
Leptospira
Borrelia
Spore formers
Bacillus
Clostridium
Gram negative facultatively anerobic rod shaped bacteria
Escherichia
Salmonella
Shigella
Enterobacter
Characteristic of the genus neisseria
Diplococci
Some members cause meningitis
Some members cause gonorrhea
Transmitted via the fecal-oral route
Hepatitis A virus
Characteristic of fungi
Chemoheterotroph
Unicellular
Multicellular
Tyoes of asexual spore is formed within a sac at the end of an aerial hypha
Conidiospore
Typically observed as microscopic grapelike clusters and yellow-pigmented colonies
Staphylococcus aureus
Used about Moist heat sterilization
An autoclave can be used
Kills vegetative cells, spores and viruses
Works by coagulation of proteins
Dry heat destroys cells by oxidation
True
Preferred method of sterilizing liquids containing toxins, vaccines and enzymes
Filtration
Type of media is used to grow obligate anaerobes
Reducing media
Aerobes contain this enzyme which converts superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide
superoxide dismutase
This group of anaerobes can grow in the presence of oxygen and are not usually harmed by its presence in the environment
Aerotolerant anaerobes
These microorganism have an optimal growth between -5 degree Celsius and 20 degree celsius and which can be found in the supercooled waters of the arctic and antarctic
Psychrophiles
Time required to kill a suspension of cells or spores at a given temperature
Thermal death time
Mixed acid fermentation
Methyl red test
The bacteria that are mixed-acid fermenters generally produce gas because they elaborate this enzyme which splits formic acid to produce CO2 and H2O
Formic hydrogenylase
Multiple test medium that will detect the fermentation of glucose and lactose and the production of hydrogen sulphide resulting from the breakdown of the amino acid cysteine
Kligler’s iron agar
In reductase test using milk, the time it takes for methylene blue to become colorless is the
Methylene blue reductase time
These are indicator bacteria which are found in the intestines of humans and warm-blooded animals, ferment lactose to produce acid and gas, and its presence in water suggests the potential for disease. Example of such organisms are E.coli and Enteribacter aerogenes
Coliforms
Also known as Ziehl-Neelsen method
Acid fast staining
Identified in acid fast staining
Mycobacterium leprae
M tuberculosis
Property of an ideal antimicrobial agent
Selective toxicity
Fungal infections of the skin and nails
Tinea pedis
Tinea capitis
Tinea corporis
Malassezia furfur
Drug is thought to block the assembly of arabinogalactan polysaccharide by inhibition of an arabinotransferase enzyme
Ethambutol
Structural analogues of PABA that competitively inhibit the incorporation of PABA into dihydropteroic acid
Sulfonamides
Antibacterial- inhibition of nucleic acids synthesis
Antiviral- inhibition of DNA synthesis
Antifungal- inhibition of mitosis
Antifungal- injury to plasma membrane
Matched
Characteristics of the causative agent of tetanus
Gram positive
Produces endospores
Transmitted through contaminated soil
Produces a potent neurotoxin
Viral disease characterized by inflammation of the parotid glands, fever, and pain during swallowing
Mumps
Strain of e. Coli that can produce a shigella-like dysentery
Enteroinvasive
Tickborne disease
Babesiosis
Ehrlichiosis
Lyne disease
Relapsing fever
Causative agent of undulant fever
Brucella melitensis
This refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of microbes in the blood
Septicemia
Inflammation of urinary bladder
Cystitis
Disease causing microorganism
Pathogens
Vector borne disease
Trypanosomiasis
Lyme disease
Yellow fever
Plague
Microscopy does not require fixing or staining of the specimen, and also gives a detailed examination of internal structures in living microorganisms by using slight variations in refractive index
Phase-contrast microscopy
Methods used to identify all bacteria in the genus mycobacterium and the disease producing strains of nocordia
Acid fast staining
Can not be used in negative staining
Safranin
Used in negative staining
Eosin
Nigrosin
India ink
Organisms responsible for low temperature food spoilage
Psychrotrophs
Needed by microbes for synthesis of cellular materials
Nitrogen
Carbon
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Enzymes neutralizes various toxic forms of oxygen
Superoxide dismuthase
Catalase
Peroxidase
Obligate anaerobe
Clostridium perfingens
Medium with known chemical composition used for microbiological assays
Chemically defined media
Media supresses growth of unwanted microbes and encourage growth of desired microbes
Selective media
Indirect method of estimating bacterial number
Turbidity method
Process of destroying vegetative pathogens but not necessarily endospores or viruses, usually on inanimate objects
Disinfection
Removal of transient microbes from the skin by mechanical cleansing or by the use of an antiseptic
Degerming
An effective method for sterilization
Autoclaving
Direct flaming
Chemical used for microbial control by joseph lister
Phenol
Carbolic acid
Acute infectious diseases
Common cold
Tb may be classified as
Chronic and latent
A secondary infection that results from destruction of normal microflora and often follows the use of broad-spectrum
Superinfection
Benign skin growths caused by viruses
Warts
A severe complication of chickenpox,influenza and other viral diseases which affects children and is aggravated by the use of aspirin
Reye’s syndrome
Highly pathogenic for animals and humans and is the causative agent of anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Lesions of the oral cavity which manifest as tiny red patches with central white specks in patients infected with rubeola virus
Koplik’s spots
During the first 10 minutes or so after injection of phage DNA, no phage can be recovered by disrupting the infected bacterium. This termed as:
Eclipse period
Major causes of bacterial meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria meningitidis
Hib
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram negative bacteria produces a water-soluble blue pigment, pyocyanin and a water- soluble flourescent pigment,pyoverdin
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Bacteria differ from most other enterobacteriaceae by being mainly associated with plants
Erwinia
DNA virus
Adenoviridae
RNA Viruses helical in shape
Rhabdoviridae
Arena
Bunya
Orthomyxo
Staphylococcal food poisoning
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Nausea within 5 hours after eating
Smallest known agents of infectious disease
Viroids
Most common causative agent of genital herpes
HSV-2
Common bread mold which cause much food spoilage and grow on bread, vegetables,fruits and other food products
Rhizopus
Streptomyces griseus is the source of this antibiotic
Streptomycin
These antimicrobial drugs differ from the antibiotics in that they do not occur naturally. The prototype of these is firfural, an aldehyde derivative
Nitrofurans
Organisms are good recipients of R factor from an E.coli donor
Enterobacter
Klebsiella
Salmonella
Shigella
First known disease for which a chemotherapeutic agent was used
Syphilis
It inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis by binding D-alanyl-D-alanine group on the peptide side chain of one of the membrane-bound intermediates
Vancomycin
Because it is a structural analog of pyridoxine, or vitamine B6 and nicotinamide, it can block puridoxine and nicotinamide-catalyzed reactions which may account for its antimicrobial activity
Isonicotinic acid hydrazide
Isoniazid
Low molecular weight compound which is very effective against infuenza A virus but not against influenza B. The incidence of influenza A infections is greatly reduced by use of this drug
Amantadine
This drug is a member of the allylamine class of antimycotics and inhibits the enzymes squalene epoxidase in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis
Terbinafine
Commonest pnuemonia and still responds well to penicillin despite a global in isolates showing reduced susceptibility to this agent
Streptococcus pneumoniae
