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Chemistry > 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 > Flashcards

11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkanes and chlorine react to produce

A

Chloroalkanes. In these reactions one hydrogen is replaced by a chlorine

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2
Q

Alkenes and bromine react to make

A

Dibromoalkanes. Two bromine atoms are added

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3
Q

Suffixes for organic compounds

A

Ane- Alkanes
Ene- Alkenes
Ol- Alcohols
Oic acid- carboxylic acids

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4
Q

Required Compounds

A

Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6

Ethene C2H4

Ethanol C2H5OH

Ethanoic acid CH3COOH/ C2H4O2

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5
Q

Prefixes of organic molecules

A

Meth 1
Eth 2
Prop 3
But 4

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6
Q

What is a fuel

A

A substance that when combusted completely in oxygen it releases heat energy and forms waste products in the form of oxides.

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7
Q

Alkanes react with what

A

Oxygen
Chlorine

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8
Q

What is produced when incomplete combustion occurs

A

Carbon Monoxide

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9
Q

Substitution reaction

A

A chemical reaction when an atom on a molecule is replaced by another. This happens when alkanes react with chlorine.

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10
Q

Properties of alkanes

A

Bonds are always single covalent bonds, so alkanes are saturated. This means they are not reactive since all electrons are occupied.

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11
Q

When alkanes react with chlorine what is produced

A

Chlorialkanes and hydrogen chloride.

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12
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

When combustion of a substance occurs with insufficient oxygen.

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13
Q

When alkanes burn what process happens

A

Combustion

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14
Q

The combustion of ethanol reacting with oxygen produces what

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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15
Q

Petroleum

A

The mixture of hydrocarbons found naturally formed by the decay of marine organisms. Also known as crude oil.

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16
Q

Petroleum and fractional distillation

A

Petroleum, also known as crude oil, consists of organic compounds (hydrocarbons), as they only contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. Scientists have discovered that crude oil only contains 30% alkanes, with the remainder made up of other compounds. In its original form crude oil has limited uses, but through a process called fractional distillation, it can be separated out into useful fractions. Distillation can be used because the different hydrocarbons in crude oil have slightly different boiling points depending on the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon molecules.

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17
Q

the main constituent of natural gas

A

methane

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18
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only

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19
Q

bonding in alkanes

A

is single covalent

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20
Q

bonding in alkene

A

is double covalent

21
Q

What products are formed when alkanes combust in oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

22
Q

Describe an experiment you would do to compare two fuels to find out which fuel releases the most energy per gram.

A

Formulas:
Q= MCT
Q=energy released by fuel(J)
M=mass of water heated(100g)
C=specific heat capacity of water(4.18J)
T=change in temp of the water

The energy released per gram=Q÷Mass

23
Q

Fractional distillation

A

A chemical process that describes heating and separating substances by distillation into more useful products (or fractions) based on their boiling points. It is used in the refining of crude oil.

24
Q

The properties of fractions from distillation

A

Name and use of fraction, Number of carbon atoms, Boiling point / °C, How volatile, How viscous?
Gasoline used in cars, 5–6, 40–100, very volatile –evaporates very easily, very low viscosity– flows very easily

Kerosene used as jet fuel, 10–15, 175–325, volatile –evaporates easily low viscosity –liquid that flows

Lubricating oil used for engines and waxes, 25–40, 300–350, low volatility –does not evaporate high viscosity –thick liquid that flows slowly

Bitumen used for road surfaces, 40+
500+, very low volatility – does not evaporate at all, high viscosity –flows extremely slowly

25
Q

As the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon increases:

A

the boiling point increases
the viscosity increases
the volatility decreases.

26
Q

Cracking

A

The chemical reaction that breaks long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller chained compounds. Occurs through heating(typically about 500 °C) and the use of a catalyst.

27
Q

Alkene reaction with Hydrogen

A

The addition reaction with hydrogen occurs at a temperature of approximately 200 °C in the presence of a nickel catalyst.
This reaction is sometimes referred to as hydrogenation.
Two hydrogen are added

28
Q

Alkene reaction with steam

A

Another addition reaction occurs when ethene is heated to 300 °C in the presence of steam and phosphoric acid, which acts as a catalyst, to produce ethanol.

Just as in the previous reaction, the presence of the C=C double bond breaks, resulting in the addition of OH to produce an alcohol compound called ethanol

The water splits into an H atom and an –OH group. Both the hydrogen atom and the –OH group are added as the double bond is broken.

The hydrogen bonds with one of the carbons, the –OH group with the other.

29
Q

Two main methods are used to produce ethanol

A

Fermentation:
C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide

The enzymes in yeast breaks down the sugar to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. This process happens in the absence of air (oxygen), and at moderate temperatures of 25–35 °C.

Catalytic addition of steam to ethene:
C 2 H 4 Ethene + H 2 O → C 2 H 5 OH Ethanol

This reaction happens at 300 °C in the presence of an acid catalyst such as phosphoric acid. A high pressure (60 atmospheres or 6000 kPa) is also needed.

30
Q

Properties of ethanol

A

Is liquid at room temperature
It is volatile and has a boiling point of 78C
Highly flammable
Is a good soluble

31
Q

Uses of ethanol

A

solvents. in marker pens, medicines, and cosmetics, drinks and fuels

32
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of ethanol manufacturing methods

A

Fermentation:
Sustainability:
✔ Fermentation uses crops and waste plant material, which is a sustainable source.
✗ The use of crops for fermentation could impact on food supply.
Process:
✗ Fermentation requires ethanol to be produced in batches so it is a stop-start process.
Cost:
✔ Fermentation can be conducted at low temperatures so is a relatively inexpensive process
Product:
✗ Fermentation requires the impure product to be refined by fractional distillation.

Hydration:
Sustainability:
✗ Hydration uses petroleum from fossil fuels, which will eventually run out.
Process:
✔ Hydration can produce ethanol continuously to meet market demands.
Cost:
✗ Hydration requires high temperatures and pressure, which is expensive.
✔ Hydration can produce ethanol in a fully automated factory requiring little input from human workers.
Product:
✔ Hydration can yield pure ethanol that does not need further refinement.

33
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

An organic compound containing a –COOH functional group.

34
Q

Ethanoic acid as an acid

A

CH3COOH. It is a weak acid. It dissolves in water to form solutions with a typical pH of 2.5

35
Q

There are two methods to produce ethanoic acid. Both involve oxidising ethanol so that oxygen is added to the ethanol molecule.

A

Using acid fermentation
Bacteria such as acetobacter contain enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid and water
Using acidified potassium manganate(VII)
Potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 is a strong oxidising agent and is used in the presence of sulfuric acid and heat to produce ethanoic acid

36
Q

Esters

A

An organic compound, containing a –COO– group, that is produced when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst this is called esterification

37
Q

Esterification of ethanol and ethanoic acid

A

the C–O bond of the OH hydroxyl group in ethanoic acid breaks
the O–H bond in ethanol breaks
the two remaining parts from each molecule join together forming a C–O bond for the ester
OH and H combine to form water (a condensation reaction).

38
Q

Polymers

A

Organic compounds that contain a long chain of monomer units.

39
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

When single units of an alkene (monomer) join together to form a very long chain (polymer).

Poly(ethene) is made by addition polymerisation. Very many ethene molecules react together, joining end to end to make poly(ethene) molecules, without any other product forming

40
Q

Repeat units

A

The smallest section of a polymers structure that can accurately represent the whole molecule. represented as n

41
Q

Polymer disposal

A

Land fill
burning or use biodegradable plastics

42
Q

Condensation reaction

A

The reaction between two smaller molecules to form a larger molecule and a small molecule such as water.

43
Q

Polyamide

A

A condensation polymer made from a dicarboxylic acid and diamine. Nylon is a polyamide.

They are made from two different monomers:

a dicarboxylic acid, a molecule that contains two COOH groups

a diamine, a molecule that contains two NH2 groups.

44
Q

Amide link and
Ester link

A

The chemical bond in a polyamide, comprising of a C=O bond and N–H bond.

The chemical bond in a polyester, comprising of a C=O bond and C–O bond.

45
Q

Polyesters

A

A condensation polymer formed from by the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid and a diol. PET is a polyester.

A common polyester is known as PET (the full chemical name is poly(ethylene) terephthalate but you do not need to remember this).

Polyesters are made from two different monomers:

a dicarboxylic acid (just like polyamides)
a diol, a molecule that contains two OH groups (unlike polyamides).

46
Q

Proteins

A

A long chain of amino acids joined together by amide linkages – an example of a natural polymer.

They are formed from amino acid monomers. Unlike the monomers for synthetic polyamides such as nylon, each amino acid has two different functional groups:

an NH2 group
a COOH group.

47
Q

More info about proteins

A

The letter R in the structure represents a side group

Proteins are made from different numbers and combinations of 22 naturally-occurring amino acids.

48
Q

Test for unsaturation

A

Bromine water
Turns from brown to colourless

Chemistry (12 decks)

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