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Algebra > 111111 > Flashcards

111111 Flashcards

1
Q

the conversion of molecular nitrogen into
nitrogen compounds, atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrates and other
compounds suitable for assimilation by algae and plants

A

nitrogen fixation

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2
Q

the concentration of ozone

and other gases is low, and the temperature decreases with increasing altitude

A

mesosphere

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3
Q

The formation of ozone in this region begins with
the _______ of oxygen molecules by solar radiation at wavelengths below
240 nm

A

photodissociation

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4
Q

In the stratosphere, a stream of air known as the _____ circles Antarctica in winter.

A

“polar

vortex”

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5
Q

If the atmosphere did not contain carbon dioxide, Earth would be ___ cooler

A

30C

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6
Q

Venus contains____ Co2 and has a temperature of 730K.

A

97%

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7
Q

The solar radiant energy received by Earth is distributed over a band of wavelengths
between _____, but much of it is concentrated in the 400- to
700-nm range, which is the visible region of the spectrum.

A

100 and 5000 nm

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8
Q

_____molecule can vibrate in more than one way. Water, for example,
can vibrate in three different ways.

A

polyatomic

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9
Q

Because atmospheric CO2 in equilibrium with rainwater would not be
expected to result in a pH less than____.

A

5.5

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10
Q

is also added to lakes and soils in a process called liming to reduce their acidity caused by SO2

A

Quicklime

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11
Q 
Spreading
calcium oxide (CaO) over acidifi edsoil. This process is called
A

liming

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12
Q

: is a powerful lachrymator, or tear producer, and causes breathing difficulties

A

PAN peroxyacetyl nitrate

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13
Q

formed by the reactions of automobile exhaust in the presence of sunlight.

A

photochemical smog

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14
Q

It is the secondary

pollutants—_______—that are responsible for the buildup of smog.

A

NO2 and O3

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15
Q

Automobile exhaust consists mainly of NO, CO, and various unburned hydrocarbons.
These gases are called _________ because they set in motion a series
of photochemical reactions that produce secondary pollutants.

A

primary pollutants

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16
Q

The dispersion of these droplets in air, called _____, scatters
sunlight and reduces visibility. This interaction also makes the air look hazy.

A

aerosol

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17
Q

The

common indoor pollutants are

A

radon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and

formaldehyde.

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18
Q

After cigarette smoking, _____ is the leading
cause of lung cancer in the United
States.

A

radon

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19
Q

All isotopes of radon are radioactive, but

____ is the most hazardous because it has the longest half-life—3.8 days.

A

radon 222

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20
Q

The concentration of ____
in the blood of regular smokers is two to
five times higher than that in nonsmokers.

A

carboxyhemoglobin

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21
Q

often described as a measure of how
spread out or dispersed the energy of a system is among the different possible ways
that system can contain energy.

A

Entropy

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22
Q 
shows that
the spacing between translational energy
levels is inversely proportional to the
volume of the container and the mass
of the molecules.
A

Quantum mechanical analysis

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23
Q

Engraved on _____ tombstone in Vienna is his famous
equation. The “log” stands for “loge,”
which is the natural logarithm or ln.

A

Ludwig Boltzmann’s

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24
Q

Processes that lead
to an increase in entropy of the
system:

A

(a) melting: Sliquid . Ssolid;
(b) vaporization: Svapor . Sliquid;
(c) dissolving: Ssoln . Ssolute 1
Ssolvent; (d) heating: ST2 . ST1.

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25
Q

is the absolute

entropy of a substance at 1 atm and 25°C.

A

Standard entropy

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26
Q

The entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous

process and remains unchanged in an equilibrium process.

A

second law of thermodynamics:

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27
Q

the entropy of a perfect crystalline

substance is zero at the absolute zero of temperature.

A

third law of thermodynamics

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28
Q

is a machine that converts thermal energy to work

A

heat

engine

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29
Q

The change in free energy (DG ) of a system for a constant-____ proces.

A

temperature

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30
Q

, is an extremely valuable inorganic substance
used in steelmaking, production of calcium metal, the paper industry, water
treatment, and pollution control

A

Calcium oxide (CaO), also called quicklime,

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31
Q

Le Châtelier’s principle predicts that the
forward, _______ is favored
by heating.

A

endothermic rxn

32
Q

True or False. Sooner or later a reversible reaction will

reach equilibrium.

A

True

33
Q

is the product of the charge Q and the distance r between the charges

A

dipole moment

34
Q

Dipole moments are usually expressed in debye units (D), named
for ______ made
many signifi cant contributions in the study of molecular structure, polymer chemistry, X-ray analysis, and
electrolyte solution.

A

Peter Debye.

35
Q

This is a naturally occurring substance with a range of chemical composition

A

MINERAL

36
Q

A mineral deposit concentrated enough to allow economical recovery of a desired metal-

A

ORE

37
Q

Solid solution either of two or more metals or of a metal or metals with one or more nonmetals.

A

ALLOY

38
Q

Example of ferromagnetic metal

A

COBALT

39
Q

An alloy of mercury with another metal or metals-

A

AMALGAM

40
Q

Lithium is found in what mineral?

A

Spodumene

41
Q

Berrylium is from what mineral?

A

BERYL

42
Q

Why is production of metal a reduction process?

A

Because metals in their combined form always have positive oxidation number.

43
Q

This process leads to the production of SO2 and acid rain

A

EXTRACTION OF IRON FROM FES2

44
Q

A procedure carried out at high temperature

A

PYROMETALLURGY

45
Q

Mixture of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate that remains molten at the furnace temperature

A

SLAG

46
Q

CaCO3 and other compounds that are used to form a molten mixture with the impurities in the ore for easy remova

A

FLUX

47
Q

Other name for cast Iron

A

PIG IRON

48
Q

What kind of process is the conversion of iron to steel?

A

OXIDATION PROCESS

49
Q

If the main impurities in the steel making are silicon and phosphorus, what type of flux should be used?

A

BASIC FLUX- CaO

50
Q

If the main impurities in the steel making is manganese, what type of flux should be used?

A

ACIDIC FLUX – SIO2

51
Q

At high temperatures, iron and carbon in steel combine to form

A

IRON CARBIDE OR CALLED CEMENTITE

52
Q

Heating the steel to some appropriate temperature for a short time and then cooling it rapidly in order to give it the desired mechanical properties-

A

TEMPERING

53
Q

Metals that have low boiling points such as mercury, magnesium, and zinc, can be separated from other metals

A

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

54
Q

The purification of nickel-

A

MOND PROCESS

55
Q

Why does the metal’s ability to conduct electricity decreases with increasing temperature?

A

Because the enhanced vibration of atoms at higher temperatures tends to discrupt the flow of electrons.

56
Q

The ability of a semiconductor to conduct electricity can also be enhanced by adding small amounts of certain impurities to the element by the process

A

DOPING

57
Q

. Impurities that provide conduction electrons

A

DONOR IMPURITIES

58
Q

Solids containing donor impurities are called

A

N-type semiconductors

59
Q

Impurities that are electron deficient are called

A

ACCEPTOR IMPURITIES

60
Q

Solids containing acceptor impurities are called

A

P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS

61
Q

Lightest metal known

A

LITHIUM

62
Q

Why do alkali metals never occur naturally in elemental form?

A

because of their great chemical reactivity

63
Q

Sodium and potassium are about equally abundant in nature, they occur in minerals such as

A

ALBITE AND ORTHOCLASE

64
Q

Mineral name for NaCl

A

HALITE

65
Q

Mineral name for NaNO3

A

CHILE SALTPETER

66
Q

Mineral name for KCl

A

SYLVITE

67
Q

These are powerful reducing agents

A

METAL AMMONIA

68
Q

Na2CO3 is produced by what process

A

SOLVAY

69
Q

The sixth most plentiful element in the earths crust

A

MAGNESIUM

70
Q

. Earthscrust contains about ___ percent of calcium

A
  • 3.4
71
Q

This is produced by the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate

A
  • QUICKLIME
72
Q

Principal ore of aluminum-

A

BAUXITE

73
Q

. Anhydrous aluminum oxide

A

CORUNDUM

74
Q

Corundum is reduced to aluminum by

A

HALL PROCESS

75
Q

. A discrete molecular species possessing bridging H atoms like diborane

A

Aluminum hydride

76
Q

Waste material of an ore-

A

GANGUE

Algebra (2 decks)

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