111111 Flashcards
the conversion of molecular nitrogen into
nitrogen compounds, atmospheric nitrogen gas is converted into nitrates and other
compounds suitable for assimilation by algae and plants
nitrogen fixation
the concentration of ozone
and other gases is low, and the temperature decreases with increasing altitude
mesosphere
The formation of ozone in this region begins with
the _______ of oxygen molecules by solar radiation at wavelengths below
240 nm
photodissociation
In the stratosphere, a stream of air known as the _____ circles Antarctica in winter.
“polar
vortex”
If the atmosphere did not contain carbon dioxide, Earth would be ___ cooler
30C
Venus contains____ Co2 and has a temperature of 730K.
97%
The solar radiant energy received by Earth is distributed over a band of wavelengths
between _____, but much of it is concentrated in the 400- to
700-nm range, which is the visible region of the spectrum.
100 and 5000 nm
_____molecule can vibrate in more than one way. Water, for example,
can vibrate in three different ways.
polyatomic
Because atmospheric CO2 in equilibrium with rainwater would not be
expected to result in a pH less than____.
5.5
is also added to lakes and soils in a process called liming to reduce their acidity caused by SO2
Quicklime
Spreading calcium oxide (CaO) over acidifi edsoil. This process is called
liming
: is a powerful lachrymator, or tear producer, and causes breathing difficulties
PAN peroxyacetyl nitrate
formed by the reactions of automobile exhaust in the presence of sunlight.
photochemical smog
It is the secondary
pollutants—_______—that are responsible for the buildup of smog.
NO2 and O3
Automobile exhaust consists mainly of NO, CO, and various unburned hydrocarbons.
These gases are called _________ because they set in motion a series
of photochemical reactions that produce secondary pollutants.
primary pollutants
The dispersion of these droplets in air, called _____, scatters
sunlight and reduces visibility. This interaction also makes the air look hazy.
aerosol
The
common indoor pollutants are
radon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and
formaldehyde.
After cigarette smoking, _____ is the leading
cause of lung cancer in the United
States.
radon
All isotopes of radon are radioactive, but
____ is the most hazardous because it has the longest half-life—3.8 days.
radon 222
The concentration of ____
in the blood of regular smokers is two to
five times higher than that in nonsmokers.
carboxyhemoglobin
often described as a measure of how
spread out or dispersed the energy of a system is among the different possible ways
that system can contain energy.
Entropy
shows that the spacing between translational energy levels is inversely proportional to the volume of the container and the mass of the molecules.
Quantum mechanical analysis
Engraved on _____ tombstone in Vienna is his famous
equation. The “log” stands for “loge,”
which is the natural logarithm or ln.
Ludwig Boltzmann’s
Processes that lead
to an increase in entropy of the
system:
(a) melting: Sliquid . Ssolid;
(b) vaporization: Svapor . Sliquid;
(c) dissolving: Ssoln . Ssolute 1
Ssolvent; (d) heating: ST2 . ST1.
