11.1 Chemiosmotic Theory

Question 1

How many ATP does one glucose produce?

Answer 1

32 ATP

Question 2

How many ATP from glycolysis? What steps?

Answer 2

Net gain of 2 (7 and 10)

Question 3

How many GTP from CC? What step?

Answer 3

Net gain of 2 (Step 5)

Question 4

Where does the other ATP come from?

Answer 4

Most ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation
Powered by chemiosmosis

Question 5

What are the reductants produced from one glucose? What are they used for?

Answer 5

10 NADH and 2 FADH2; Used to reduce O2 to H2O

Question 6

What do redox reactions do? Why?

Answer 6

Power the pumping of protons to establish a gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 7

What does the gradient allow for?

Answer 7

Generation of ATP

Question 8

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 8

chemical osmosis

Question 9

What are the 6 major parts of the mitochondria?

Answer 9

Outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, Crista, mitochondrial matrix, and ATP synthase complexes

Question 10

Crista

Answer 10

fold of inner membrane, increases surface area

Question 11

Where are ETC proteins and ATP synthases located?

Answer 11

Embedded in inner membrane

Question 12

How many membranes does mitochondria have?

Answer 12

2; inner and outer

Question 13

Mitochondrial matrix

Answer 13

Aqueous interior where citrate cycle happens

Question 14

What are redox rxns coupled to?

Answer 14

Electron transport

Question 15

What does Redox energy fuel?

Answer 15

ETC proteins that pump protons across membrane
– Establish a H+ gradient
– Chem and electrical gradient

Question 16

Where do protons go?

Answer 16

H+ flow through ATP synthase; Produces ATP

Question 17

What is the N side?

Answer 17

Matrix; negative side of membrane

Question 18

What is the P side?

Answer 18

Where protons are pumped; intermembrane space

Question 19

What does the amount of mitochondria per cell depend on?

Answer 19

Energy needs

Question 20

Slow twitch

Answer 20

need aerobic energy for long periods; More mitochondria; dark meat

Question 21

Fast twitch

Answer 21

need aerobic energy in short bursts; Less mitochondria; white meat

Question 22

What do plants have that are like mitochondria?

Answer 22

Chloroplasts

Question 23

What are key differences between chloroplasts and mitochondria? (4)

Answer 23

-Thylakoid membrane not IMM
-Light energy used not redox
-Proton circuit is flipped relative
-Photosystem I/II not ETC proteins

Question 24

What does the Electron transport system do?

Answer 24

Builds proton gradient

Question 25

What does H+ gradient do?

Answer 25

stores potential energy generated by ETC

Question 26

What is ATP synthase?

Answer 26

motor that performs the work

Question 27

Which way do protons go due to Chemiosmosis?

Answer 27

protons flow in one direction due to charge

Question 28

Uncouplers

Answer 28

allow proton circuit to continue,but not through ATP synthase
– Divert flow through an alternate route

Question 29

Inhibitors

Answer 29

block proton circuit – Stop proton flow altogether

Question 30

What are two examples of uncouplers?

Answer 30

Thermogenins and 2,4-DNP

Question 31

Thermogenin proteins

Answer 31

Divert H+ flow away from ATP synthase
– Allow H+ to flow without ATP synthesis
– Energy converted to heat

Question 32

2,4-Dinitrophenol

Answer 32

Popular anti-obesity drug in the 1930s
– Shifts the proton electrochemical gradient
– Potential energy dissipates as heat, instead of being converted to ATP
-Bad side effects

Question 33

Oligomycin

Answer 33

Antibiotic that inhibits ATP synthase
Proton flow back into matrix stopped
– Build up of H+ in intermembrane space = very low pH
– Lack of H+ in matrix = very high pH
– No production of ATP
– Cell death

Question 34

What are the Electron transport chain proteins (IMM)?

Answer 34

-Complex I: NADH–ubiquinone oxidoreductase
* (NADH dehydrogenase)
– Complex II: succinate dehydrogenase
– Complex III: ubiquinone–cytochrome c oxidoreductase
– Complex IV: cytochrome c oxidase

Question 35

What complex does ATP synthesis?

Answer 35

ATP synthase complex (IMM)