11.1- CARBON COMPOUNDS Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
chemistry of carbon compounds
What can carbon form?
rings and very long chains, which may be branched
Why can carbon form rings and very long chains, which may be branched? (2)
carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer shell, so forms four covalent bonds
carbon-carbon bonds relatively strong (347 kJ/mol) and non-polar
Is the carbon-hydrogen bond strong?
yes (413kJ/mol)
is the carbon-hydrogen bond polar or non-polar?
relatively non-polar
What do hydrocarbon chains form?
skeleton of most organic compounds
In all stable compounds how many covalent bonds does a carbon atom have?
4 covalent bonds
How many electrons does the carbon have in a stable carbon compound?
eight electrons in its outer shell
How can each carbon atom have 4 covalent bonds and 8 electrons in its outer shell? (3)
forming four single bonds
forming 2 single bonds and one double bond
forming one single bond and one triple bond
What is the empirical formula?
formula that shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element present in compound
What is the molecular formula?
formula that shows the actual number if atoms
What does the displayed formula show?
shows every atom and every bond
What does the structural formula show?
shows the unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule in a simplified form, without showing all the bonds
What is not drawn out in the skeletal notation?
carbon atoms are not drawn at all
What do the straight lines in the skeletal formulae represent?
carbon-carbon bonds and
Is the hydrogen atoms or C-H bonds drawn in a skeletal formulae?
no
What does the skeletal formula give you a rough idea about?
bond angles
What is the bond angles in an unbranched alkane chain?
109.5°
How are bonds coming out of the paper shown by?
wedges
How are bonds going into the paper shown by?
dotted lines
What is often used to explain what happens in organic reactions?
considering movement of electrons
What charge do electron have?
negative
How do electrons move as they’re negatively charged?
tend to move from areas of high electron density to more positively charged areas
How is the movement of a pair of electrons shown?
by curly arrow that starts from lone pair of electrons or from covalent bond and moves towards positively positively charged area of molecule to form new bond
How can a covalent bond sometimes break?
such way that one electron goes to each atom that originally formed the bond
What do the fragments of the original molecule from when the covalent bond is broken have?
an unpaired electron
What are the fragments of the original molecule from when the covalent bond is broken called?
free radicals
How reactive are free radicals?
extremely reactive
