11.1 Antibody production and vaccination Flashcards

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1
Q

what does every organism have?

A

unique molecules on the surface of its cells

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2
Q

pathogens can be

A
  • species- specific
  • can cross species barriers
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3
Q

B lymphocytes are activated by

A

T lymphocytes

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4
Q

Activated B cells create

A
  • plasma cells
  • memory cells
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5
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

aid the destruction of pathogens

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6
Q

white blood cells release histamines in response to

A

allergens

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7
Q

histamines

A

cause allergic symptoms

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8
Q

immunity depends

A

on the persistence of memory cells

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9
Q

vaccines

A
  • trigger immunity
  • but do not cause the disease
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10
Q

tumor + antibody producing plasma cell

A

hybridoma cell

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11
Q

monoclonal antibodies are produced by

A

hybridoma cells

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12
Q

what is the first infectious disease in humans to have been eradicated by vaccination?

A

smallpox

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13
Q

monoclonal antibodies and HCG are used in

A

pregnancy test kits

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14
Q

what stimulates antibodies?

A

antigens on the surface of a red blood cell

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15
Q

Steps to immunity

A
  1. the phagocyte engulfs the bacteria, where it is digested and the antigens go to the surface of the phagocyte
  2. Helper T cells picks up the signal from the antigen and is then activated
  3. the B cell finds an antigen which fits and then is activated by the T-helper cell
  4. then the B cells divide to make plasma and memory cells
  5. plasma produce antibodies that attach the current type of invaders
  6. eater cells prefer intruders marked with antibodies and they eat loads of them
  7. if the intruder invades again memory cells help activate the immune system much faster
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16
Q

antibodies functions

A
  • neutralization - stops toxins from effecting or entering the cells
  • opsonization - antibodies mark pathogens making them easily identifiable
  • agglutination - attach to themselves forming clumping
  • complement activation - antibodies encourage the attachment of other components to the pathogen attacking it
17
Q

histamine is produced by two types of leukocyte

A

basophil and mast cells

18
Q

what do histamines do?

A

(hypersensitivity of the immune system)increase the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins. Symptoms are:
- inflammation
- itching
- sneezing
- watery eyes

19
Q

what is the drug opposite to histamines?

A

Antihistamine