1.11 Acute and chronic renal failure

Question 1

Acute kidney injury definition?

Answer 1

Acute kidney injury is a rapid decrease in renal function over days to weeks,

causing an accumulation of nitrogenous products in the blood (azotemia) with orwithout reduction in amount of urine output.

It often results from inadequate renal perfusion due to severe trauma, illness, or surgery

but is sometimes caused by a rapidly progressive, intrinsic renal disease.

Question 2

symps of acute kidney injury?

Answer 2

• anorexia
• nausea
• vomiting
• Seizures and coma (if the condition is untreated)
• Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders develop quickly

Question 3

diagnosis of Acute kidney injury?

Answer 3

• laboratory tests of renal function: serum creatinine
• Urinary indices
• urinary sediment examination,
• imaging and other tests (including biopsy)

Question 4

etiology of acute kindey injury?

Answer 4

o Prerenal due to inadequate renal perfusion:
1. Extracellular fluid depletion: Dehydration, sepsis, diarrhea
2. Cardiovascular disease: Heart failure, cardiogenic shock
3. Decompensated liver disease

o due to intrinsic kidney disease or damage:
1. Acute tubular necrosis
2. Acute glomerulonephritis

o Postrenal due to obstruction

Question 5

treatment of AKI?

Answer 5

• Treatment is directed at the cause
• fluid and electrolyte management
• sometimes dialysis.

Question 6

Chronic kidney disease definition?

Answer 6

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is long-standing (over 3 months), progressive deterioration of renal function (Symptoms develop slowly)

Question 7

Chronic kidney disease symps?

Answer 7

• anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
• stomatitis, dysgeusia
• nocturia
• lassitude
• fatigue
• pruritus
• decreased mental acuity
• muscle twitches and cramps
• water retention
• undernutrition
• peripheral neuropathies, and seizures

Question 8

Chronic kidney disease diagnosis?

Answer 8

based on laboratory testing of renal function, sometimes followed by renal biopsy

Question 9

treatment of CKD?

Answer 9

• directed at the underlying condition
• includes fluid and electrolyte management,
• blood pressure control
• treatment of anemia
• various types of dialysis
• kidney transplantation

Question 10

Etiology of CKD?

Answer 10

o Diabetes mellitus
o Hypertension
o Glomerular disease

Question 11

stages of CKD?

Answer 11

5 stages based on glomerular filtration rate.

Stage 1 is the best with GRF >90ml/min/1,73m2
while stage 5 is the worst with GFR <15