11.1

Question 1

What are the 3 reasons that explain why can carbon form rings & very long chains (including branched chains)? (3)

Answer 1

(1) it forms 4 covalent bonds
(2) carbon–carbon bonds are relatively strong
(3) carbon–carbon bonds are non-polar

Question 2

Define “empirical formula”. (2)

Answer 2

(1) a formula that shows the simplest ratio
(2) of the atoms of each element present in a compound

Question 3

Define “molecular formula” (2)

Answer 3

(1) a formula that shows the actual number
(2) of atoms of each element in a compound / molecule

Question 4

In ALL stable carbon compounds, carbon forms ______ covalent bonds & has ______ electrons in its outer shell. (2)

Answer 4

(1) four / 4
(2) eight / 8

Question 5

What does the displayed formula show? (2)

Answer 5

(1) every atom
(2) every bond
in a molecule

Question 6

What does the structured formula show? (3)

Answer 6

(1) the unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule
(2) in a simplified form
(3) without showing all the bonds

Question 7

What is the bond angle for carbon compounds? Why? (2)

Answer 7

(1) 109.5
(2) because carbon has 4 bonding pairs

Question 8

Bonds coming OUT of the paper are shown by _________. (1)

Answer 8

wedges

Question 9

Bonds coming INTO the paper are shown by _____________. (1)

Answer 9

dotted lines

Question 10

What does a curly arrow represent? (1)

Answer 10

the movement of a pair of electrons

Question 11

Organic reactions involve the movement of electrons.
The curly arrow starts from the side with the ___________________ or from a ____________________. And it moves towards a _________________________ area of a molecule (3)

Answer 11

(1) lone pair of electrons
(2) covalent bond
(3) positively charged

Question 12

How are free radicals formed? (2)

Answer 12

(1) when a covalent bond breaks,
(2) 1 electron from the shared pair goes to each of the products