110B midterm

Question 1

Maluku Islands (Mollocas) p. 396-7 437

Answer 1

Also reffered to as the Spice Islands. The portugese set out to gain control of the spice trade. Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque sought to control Malacca to destroy the arab spice trade by blocking passage through the strait of Malacca and provide as a way station to the spice Islands

Question 2

Dutch United East India Company (VOC) 398, 413, 437, 617

Answer 2

propietors of the south east asia spice trade. By end of the 18th century they were able to consolidate their military power and the Dutch had full control of the Indonesian archapeligo.

Question 3

Arabian Dhows (Muslim traders)

Answer 3

Originally had monopoly over the spice trade through the silk road.

Question 4

Zheng He’s Treasure Fleet 391, 413, 480

Answer 4

wondered the Indian ocean and linked Chinia to distant societies as well as spread Chinese influence.

Question 5

Süleyman the Magnificent 450, 454, 455, 456, 458

Answer 5

Brought war and expansion of the the Ottoman Turks into Europe stretching as far west as Vienna.

Question 6

Janissaries 451

Answer 6

Under the Ottoman turks, these elite soldiers were recuited from Christian populations from the Balkans, they were converted to Islam and became administrators or professional soilders. They possed social mobility through their rank

Question 7

Akbar the Great 456-66, 473, 474, 475

Answer 7

Only 14 when he inherited the Moghal empire, he beleived a monarch should be intent on conquest and by the end of his rule had conquored nearly the entire Indian Subcontinent. Famous for his religious tolerance, he would eventually start his own religion “Devine Faith” the took beliefs from several religions

Question 8

millet system in the Ottoman Empire

Answer 8

organization that appointed each religious group administration powers which had its own patriarch that delt with the government and laws administered to its community. Nomads had their own millets.

Question 9

Manzabdar System

Answer 9

The mansabdari system was the creation of Akbar (1557). Mansabdar constituted the ruling class of the Mughal period. Akbar realized from the very beginning the need to consolidate the Mughal nobility and the military personnel into a composite class for the best interests of the Mughal empire.

Question 10

Taj Mahal459, 496, 475, 476

Answer 10

Built my Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to glorify the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Influencial archeecture.

Question 11

Malintzin / Doña Marina / La Malinche

Answer 11

Cortez’s native bride, through her image varies depending on perspective she is often seen as the mother of the mexican people and the first to give birth to a spanish and native child. She is often seen as the women that sold out the mexican people to the Spanish.

Question 12

Motecuzoma

Answer 12

reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.

Question 13

Kingdom of Dahomey

Answer 13

The Atlantic slave trade was the primary international trade from the kingdom for much of its history. The slave trade was heavily organized by the king himself and the money provided him with significant funds to purchase guns, iron, and cloth.[10] Although the king did make some money from domestic taxation, most of the funds to the king derived from the slave trade. The Dahomey coast was known in many European accounts at this time as the “Slave Coast” because of the active trade.[5] Dahomey contributed possibly as much as 20% of the total Atlantic slave trade making it one of the largest suppliers to the trade.[1] Historian Akinjogbin did contend that the entry into the slave trade by Dahomey was hesitant and that the early kings of Dahomey, primarily Agaja, were simply trying to improve the economic state of the kingdom and only engaged in the slave trade when other options did not work.

Question 14

Olaudah Equiano

Answer 14

a prominent African involved in the British movement for the abolition of the slave trade. He was enslaved as a child, purchased his freedom, and worked as an author, merchant, and explorer in South America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, the American colonies, and the United Kingdom, where he settled by 1792. His autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, depicts the horrors of slavery and influenced the enactment of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.[

Question 15

requirimiento (the requirement)

Answer 15

requirement” as in “demand”) of 1513 was a written declaration of sovereignty and war, read by Spanish military forces to assert their sovereignty (a dominating control ) over the Americas. Written by Council of Castile jurist Juan López de Palacios Rubios in 1513, it was used to justify the assertion that God, through historical Saint Peter and appointed Papal successors

Question 16

Cuitlahuac

Answer 16

younger brother of Moctezuma II, the previous ruler of Tenochtitlan. He led his people against the conquistadors. He succeeded and the Spaniards were driven out of Tenochtitlan

Question 17

Manila Galleon trade

Answer 17

were Spanish trading ships that sailed once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean between Manila in Spanish East Indies (present day-Philippines), and Acapulco, New Spain (present-day Mexico). The name changed reflecting the city that the ship was sailing from.[1] The trade route was inaugurated in 1565 with the discovery of the ocean passage by Andrés de Urdaneta, and continued until 1815 when the Mexican War of Independence put a permanent stop to the galleon trade route.

Question 18

Cardinal Richelieu

Answer 18

Father of French absoulutism. in 17th century France.Found a way to circumvent the nobility and strengthens the French Monarchy. Does not tax nobility that sets up French Revoulution.

Question 19

Protestant Reformation

Answer 19

Protestant Reformation is the movement that devided the western CHristian church into Catholic and Protestant groups. Began in the early 16th century

Question 20

Mercantilism 437

Answer 20

Mercantilism is the economic doctrine that government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country specifically the on the dependant supply of gold and silver. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade. Mercantilism dominated Western European economic policy and discourse from the 16th to late-18th centuries.

Question 21

Dejima (Deshima)

Answer 21

Small island off Nagasaki harbor where Dutch traders were permitted to trade. Described as perpetual captivity as the shogunate wanted to keep as much foreign influence out of Japan, specifically Christianity.

Question 22

Tokugawa Shogunate

Answer 22

a feudal Japanese military government which existed between 1600 and 1868.[1] The heads of government were the shoguns.[2] Each was a member of the Tokugawa clan.[3] The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle; and the years of shogunate became known as the Edo period.

Question 23

“Dutch learning” (rangaku)

Answer 23

knowledge developed by Japan through its contacts with the Dutch enclave of Dejima, which allowed Japan to keep abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners, 1641–1853, because of the Tokugawa shogunate’s policy of national isolation (sakoku).

A meeting of Japan, China, and the West, Shiba Kōkan, late 18th century.
Through Rangaku, Japan learned many aspects of the scientific and technological revolution occurring in Europe at that time, helping the country build up the beginnings of a theoretical and technological scientific base, which helps to explain Japan’s success in its radical and speedy modernization following the opening of the country to foreign trade in 1854.

Question 24

Isaac Newton

Answer 24

colminator of the enlightenment. The universe was no longer a mystery of god but now understanable by man. He taught in cambridge and deveopled three laws of motion and mathiematically proved gravity.

Question 25

The Enlightenment

Answer 25

was a cultural movement of intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries, which began first in Europe and later in the American colonies. Its purpose was to reform society using reason, challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and advance knowledge through the scientific method. It promoted scientific thought, skepticism and intellectual interchange and opposed superstition,[1] intolerance and some abuses of power by the church and the state.
Originating about 1650 to 1700, it was sparked by philosophers Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), John Locke (1632–1704), Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), physicist Isaac Newton (1643–1727),[2] and philosopher Voltaire (1694–1778). Ruling princes often endorsed and fostered figures and even attempted to apply their ideas of government in what was known as Enlightened Despotism. The Scientific Revolution is closely tied to the Enlightenment, as its discoveries overturned many traditional concepts and introduced new perspectives on nature and man’s place within it.

Question 26

Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell

Answer 26

Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658)[1] was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.
 Born into the middle gentry, Cromwell was relatively obscure for the first 40 years of his life. After undergoing a religious conversion in the 1630s, he became an independent puritan, taking a generally (but not completely) tolerant view towards the many Protestant sects of his period.[2] An intensely religious man—a self-styled Puritan Moses—he fervently believed that God was guiding his victories. He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640–49) Parliaments. He entered the English Civil War on the side of the "Roundheads" or Parliamentarians. Nicknamed "Old Ironsides", he was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to become one of the principal commanders of the New Model Army, playing an important role in the defeat of the royalist forces.
 Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in 1649, and as a member of the Rump Parliament (1649–53) he dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England. He was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland during 1649–50. Cromwell's forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country – bringing to an end the Irish Confederate Wars. During this period a series of Penal Laws were passed against Roman Catholics (a significant minority in England and Scotland but the vast majority in Ireland), and a substantial amount of their land was confiscated. Cromwell also led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651.

Question 27

The Glorious Revolution of 1688

Answer 27

the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William’s successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England.

Question 28

Louis XIV

Answer 28

the Sun King (le Roi-Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France. Married to Marrie Antinette he had almost bankrupted France through expensive foreign wars and extravigances in his palace of versallas. Along with economic downturn, he incited the French Revoulution and the beginnings of France’s first republican government.

Question 29

Confucian scholar-bureaucrats

Answer 29

scholar-officials who populated the many ranks of bureaucracy were recruited through a rigorous examination system that was first established by the Sui Dynasty (581–618).[101][102][103] Theoretically the system of exams allowed anyone to join the ranks of imperial officials (although frowned upon for merchants to join); in reality the time and funding needed to support the study in preparation for the exam generally limited participants to those already coming from the landholding class.

Question 30

Divine Right of Kings

Answer 30

is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including (in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries) the Church. According to this doctrine, only God can judge an unjust king. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act.

Question 31

Mandate of Heaven

Answer 31

Mandate of Heaven is predicated on the conduct of the ruler in question. The Mandate of Heaven postulates that heaven (天; Tian) would bless the authority of a just ruler, as defined by the Five Confucian Relationships, but would be displeased with a despotic ruler and would withdraw its mandate, leading to the overthrow of that ruler. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to those who would rule best. The mere fact of a leader having been overthrown is itself indication that he has lost the Mandate of Heaven.

Question 32

Qianlong

Answer 32

Qing dynasty emperorer who was also well know for his olerance, diligence and intellectual curiosity. The first signs of decline of the Qing would be seen in his dynasty with expensive wars and corrupt court.

Question 33

Matteo Ricci

Answer 33

introduced the clock to China

Question 34

Palace of Versailles

Answer 34

Royal palace of King Louis XIV.

Question 35

John Locke Second Treatise of Government

Answer 35

retaining only the central notion that persons in a state of nature would willingly come together to form a state. Locke believed that individuals in a state of nature would be bound morally, by The Law of Nature, not to harm each other in their lives or possession, but without government to defend them against those seeking to injure or enslave them, people would have no security in their rights and would live in fear. Locke argued that individuals would agree to form a state that would provide a “neutral judge”, acting to protect the lives, liberty, and property of those who lived within it.
While Hobbes argued for near-absolute authority, Locke argued for inviolate freedom under law in his Second Treatise of Government. Locke argued that government’s legitimacy comes from the citizens’ delegation to the government of their right of self-defense (of “self-preservation”). The government thus acts as an impartial, objective agent of that self-defense, rather than each man acting as his own judge, jury, and executioner—the condition in the state of nature. In this view, government derives its “just powers from the consent [i.e, delegation] of the governed,”.

Question 36

Marquis de Lafayette

Answer 36

was a French aristocrat and military officer born in Chavaniac, in the province of Auvergne in south central France. Lafayette was a general in the American Revolutionary War and a leader of the Garde nationale during the French Revolution. His main contribution was bringing back ideals from the American revoulution and was an active member of the 3rd estate

Question 37

republican government

Question 38

sans-culottes

Answer 38

were the radical left-wing partisans of the lower classes; typically urban laborers, which dominated France. Though ill-clad and ill-equipped, they made up the bulk of the Revolutionary army during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars.[1] The appellation refers to the fashionable culottes (silk knee-breeches) of the moderate bourgeois revolutionaries, as distinguished from the working class sans-culottes, who traditionally wore pantalons (trousers).[2][3]

Question 39

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Answer 39

The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 23 August 1789,[1] by the National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante), during the period of the French Revolution, as the first step toward writing a constitution for France. Inspired by the Enlightenment,

The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being “natural, unalienable and sacred” and consisting of “simple and incontestable principles” on which citizens could base their demands. In the second article, “the natural and imprescriptible rights of man” are defined as “liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression”. It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all human beings (referred to as “Men”), and access to public office based on talent. The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process. Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests outlawed.[10]
The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty, in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy, and social equality among citizens, “All the citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents,” eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy.

Question 40

October Days (Women’s March on Versailles)

Answer 40

was one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution. The march began among women in the marketplaces of Paris who, on the morning of 5 October 1789, were near rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread. Their demonstrations quickly became intertwined with the activities of revolutionaries who were seeking liberal political reforms and a constitutional monarchy for France. The market women and their various allies grew into a mob of thousands and, encouraged by revolutionary agitators, they ransacked the city armory for weapons and marched to the Palace of Versailles. The crowd besieged the palace and in a dramatic and violent confrontation they successfully pressed their demands upon King Louis XVI.

Question 41

Olympe de Gouges

Answer 41

Today she is perhaps best known as an early feminist who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male–female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her close relation with the Girondists.

Question 42

Toussaint Louverture

Answer 42

was the leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military genius and political acumen led to the establishment of the independent black state of Haiti, transforming an entire society of slaves into a free, self-governing people.[1] The success of the Haitian Revolution shook the institution of slavery throughout the New World.[2]

Question 43

Abigail Adams

Answer 43

Adams was an advocate of married women’s property rights and more opportunities for women, particularly in the field of education. Women, she believed, should not submit to laws not made in their interest, nor should they be content with the simple role of being companions to their husbands. They should educate themselves and thus be recognized for their intellectual capabilities, so they could guide and influence the lives of their children and husbands. She is known for her March, 1776 letter to John and the Continental Congress, requesting that they, “…remember the ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.”[2]

Question 44

cotton cloth

Question 45

John Leech, “Capital and Labor”