1103 EXAM Flashcards
define anthropometry
study of human body measurements, including height, weight, and body circumferences, often used to assess body composition and health status
explain the concept of body composition
Body composition refers to the percentages of fat, bone, water, and muscle in the human body. It’s essential for assessing health and physical fitness.
Define Validity, Reliability, Precision and Accuracy
Validity: How well a test measures what it intends to measure.
Reliability: Consistency of test results across trials.
Precision: Reproducibility of measurements.
Accuracy: Closeness of measurements to the true value.
Describe how energy balance is regulated in the body
The body regulates energy balance through metabolic rate, hormonal controls (like insulin and glucagon), appetite control, and physical activity levels.
Describe basic concepts of molecule movement within biological systems.
Molecules move through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport to maintain cellular function and balance within biological systems.
Outline different cell transport mechanisms.
Passive Transport: Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis.
Active Transport: Requires energy (ATP), moves molecules against gradients.
What role do cell junctions play, and what are two types?
Cell junctions connect cells, providing support and communication.
Tight Junctions: Seal cells to prevent leakage.
Gap Junctions: Allow communication between cells.
Define an organ and an organ system.
An organ is a group of tissues working together for specific functions. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions.
Identify basic brain regions.
Includes cerebrum, thalamus/ hypothalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, and limbic system
Brain Cell types and their function
Neuron- rapid signal transmission
Astrocytes- maintain ‘blood- brain barrier’
Oligodendrocytes- provide myelin sheath
Microglia- Surveying, phagocytosis, removal of unused pathways
How can neurons exert different effects on body parts?
By varying neurotransmitters and receptor types, neurons influence responses in different body parts.
Describe the basic components of a sensory system.
Sensory systems include receptors (detect stimuli), neural pathways (carry information), and brain regions that process sensory information.
What receptors are required for each sensation
Vision: Photoreceptors (rods, cones).
Hearing: Mechanoreceptors (hair cells).
Taste: Gustatory receptors.
Smell: Olfactory receptors.
Touch: Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors.
Explain the physiological processes that allow us to taste.
Taste buds on the tongue detect chemicals in food, transduce signals into neural impulses sent to the brain, identifying five primary tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami.
Describe the organization of the human gustatory system.
Taste receptors are located on taste buds primarily on the tongue and palate, and taste signals are processed in the gustatory cortex.
How are the five primary tastes transduced?
Sweet: G- protein coupled receptors causing signaling cascade resulting in closure of leaky k+ channels –> therefore depolarization of cell and release of neurotransmitters
Umami: Glutamate receptors are G protein-coupled receptors which cause signaling cascade
Bitter: acts on G-protein-coupled receptors leading to signaling cascade resulting in opening of calcium channels
Salty: Sodium ions entering ion channels.
Sour: Proton (H+) ion channels closure of leaky k+ channels –> resulting
in depolarization of the
cell and release of
neurotransmitters
Explain physiological processes that allow us to smell.
Odor molecules bind to olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity, which activate neural signals processed in the olfactory bulb and then the olfactory cortex.
What are the differences between compact and spongy bone?
Compact Bone: Dense, provides strength and structure, yellow bone marrow
Spongy Bone: Porous, houses red bone marrow, supports lightweight structure.
Describe the components of a synovial joint.
Synovial joints have an articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and supporting ligaments.
Describe the basic anatomy of muscle cells.
Muscle cells, or fibers, are long and cylindrical, containing myofibrils made up of actin and myosin filaments that enable contraction.
Describe the steps in cross-bridge cycling.
CPDR
Cross-Bridge Formation: Myosin heads bind to actin.
Power Stroke: Myosin head pivots, pulling actin filament.
Detachment: ATP binds to myosin, releasing it from actin.
Reactivation: ATP hydrolysis repositions myosin head.
Identify differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, striated.
Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, striated, found in heart.
Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, found in organs
List the types of white blood cells and their roles.
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils: Phagocytise bacteria.
Lymphocytes: B and T cells; immune response.
Monocytes: Become macrophages.
Eosinophils: Attack parasites.
Basophils: Release histamine in allergies.
Describe components of innate and adaptive immune systems.
Innate Immunity: First-line defenses (skin, mucous membranes), phagocytes.
Adaptive Immunity: Specific response, involving B and T cells, antibodies.
