1100-31: Latin Support, Minor Crusades & Military Orders Flashcards
Who helped the capture of Arsuf & Caesarea? When?
Genoa
1101
Who helped the capture of Acre? When?
Genoa
1104
Who helped the capture of Beirut? When?
Genoa
1110
Who helped the capture of Sidon? When?
Norwegians & Venetians
1110
Who helped the capture of Tyre? When?
Venetian Crusade (& Warmund & Pons)
1124
Which minor Crusades were there 1100-31? When?
- 1101 Crusade
- Bohemond’s Crusade (1107-08)
- Norwegian Crusade (1107-10)
- Venetian Crusade (1122-24)
- Damascus Crusade (1129)
What were the causes of the 1101 Crusade?
- capture of Bohemond by Danishmends at Melitene (1100)
- need for penance still, forces made up of those who promised to crusade but didn’t travel with First Crusade
What were the consequences of the 1101 Crusade?
Largely Failure
- Battle of Mersivan, Kilij Arslan & Ridwan destroy German, Italian and Lombardian contingents (Raymond escapes)
- Battle of Heraclea, Kilij Arslan ambushes William of Nevers contingent, obliterates them
- remaining forces used at Tortosa (1102) & 2nd Ramlah (1102)
- failure discourages Western support for crusading
What were the causes of Bohemond’s Crusade?
- defeat at Battle of Harran (1104) proved need for Western reinforcements, returned to Europe to rally support
- hatred of Byzantium (long-standing Normans vs Byz)
- tensions with Alexios since First Crusade, e.g. apparent betrayal at Nicaea and Antioch
What were the consequences of Bohemond’s Crusade?
Largely Failure
- Alexios surrounds Norman siege of Dyrrachium (1107-08), Bohemond forced to surrender
- Treaty of Devol (1108) forces recognition of Antioch as Byzantine vassal and reinstatement of a Greek Patriarch of Antioch, upsets Bohemond (dies 6 months later, successor Tancred rejected Treaty)
What were the causes of the Norwegian Crusade?
- thirst for Eastern riches, lands and resources
- religious penance and pilgrimage
- spread of Christianity and attack on Muslims
What were the consequences of the Norwegian Crusade?
Mostly Success
- attacks Christians in Santiago de Compostela, Galacia (1108)
- victories vs Spanish Muslims: capture fortress at Sintra (1108), victory at siege of Lisbon (1109) & sacked town of Alkasse (1109)
- victory in Balearics (Formentera, Menorca & Ibiza) in 1109 encourages later Catalan-Pisan conquest (1113-15)
- assist capture of Sidon in Outremer (1110)
What were the causes of the Venetian Crusade?
- disaster at Field of Blood (1119) causes appeal for aid from Pope Calixtus II at Council of Nablus (Jan 1120), passes on request to Venetians
- want for Venetian quarter in key cities, for increased merchant opportunities and less taxation
What were the consequences of the Venetian Crusade?
Partially Success
- failed to help Antioch, as was planned in original appeal at Nablus
- Venetian fleet of 120 ships destroyed Fatimid fleet in May 1123
- assists in capture of Tyre (Feb-Jun 1124) during Baldwin II’s capture
What were the causes of the Damascus Crusade?
- Baldwin II wanted to grow Kingdom of Jerusalem & weaken Muslims
- death of Tughtegin in 1128 weakens Damascus, opportunistic
What were the consequences of the Damascus Crusade?
Mostly Failure
- Hugh de Payns recruits (1127-28) in W Europe, spreads Templars
- capture of Banyas (Buri of Damascus massacres Assassins, so al-Ajami, the Assassin commander of Banyas, surrenders to Jerusalem in protest)
- failure to capture Damascus, army not large enough, retreat
- Damascus pay 20,000 dinars + annual tribute
Which powerful French noble temporarily joined the Templars? When? What did he set an example of?
Fulk V of Anjou
1120
support for Templars from West, donated £30/yr
At which council did the Templars gain Papal backing and legitimacy? When? Who from? What was established?
Council of Troyes
Jan 1129
Bernard of Clairvaux & Matthew of Albano (legate of Honorius II)
Rule of the Templars
When were the Hospitallers confirmed as a religious order? Who by?
1113
Paschal II
Why were military orders established?
- outlet for lay piety in West
- sanctified violence = solution to knightly dilemma
- creates structured & consistent support for Outremer from Europe
- Templars protect pilgrims, especially between Jaffa & Jerusalem
- Hospitallers run hospital of St. John, Jerusalem
What treatise was published to support the Templars? Who by? When? How did it describe the Templars?
In Praise of the New Knighthood
Bernard of Clairvaux
1130
“virtuous knights”
Which Pope was too busy with Western affairs to help Outremer? What conflict? When?
Honorius II
Louis VI of France vs Bishops (1126-29)
Which minor Crusades were papally organised, supported or unrelated?
Organised: 1101 Crusade
Supported: Bohemond’s Crusade, Venetian Crusade
Unrelated: Norwegian Crusade, Damascus Crusade
When were the Templars founded? Who by? Why?
1119
Hugh de Payns
disaster at FoB (Jun 1119) + massacre of 300 pilgrims near River Jordan (Easter 1119)
