1100-31: Byzantines, Muslims & Indigenous People Flashcards
Who was Ibn al-Khashshab? What did he do? How did he die? When?
an Aleppine qadi & ra’is
preached jihad against Crusaders
assassinated for massacring Nizaris
1125
Which Turkish leaders did the Order of Assassins kill? When? How did this affect the Crusades?
- ad-Dawla (Seljuk Emir of Homs) (1103)
- Mawdud (Sunni Atabeg of Mosul) (1113)
- aq-Sonqur (Seljuk Atabeg of Mosul) (1126)
benefitted from instability and disunity
Which Fatimid leaders did the Order of Assassins kill? When? How did this affect the Crusades?
- ibn Mula’ib (Fatimid Emir of Apamea) (1106)
- al-Afdal (Fatimid Vizier) (1121)
- al-Amir (Fatimid Caliph) (1130)
benefitted from instability and disunity
How did the Fatimids threaten Outremer? How was this combatted? When?
naval fleets
Venetian Crusade sends 120 ships, destroy Fatimids
May 1123
Who was Barkiyaruq? Who was he mostly in disputes with? What was the effect of this?
Seljuk Sultan (1094-1105)
Muhammad I (half-brother)
focussed on internal disputes, not on Crusader threat in Palestine
Who was Malik Shah II? How did he die?
Seljuk Sultan (1105)
killed by Muhammad I as infant
Who was Muhammad I? What was most of his reign taken up by?
Seljuk Sultan (1105-18)
dealing with internal disputes (e.g. Nizari Assassins)
When was the Battle of the Field of Blood? Who was it between? Who won? Who died?
28th Jun 1119
Il-Ghazi + al-Kashshab vs Roger of Salerno
Il-Ghazi (Aleppo)
Roger of Salerno (Antioch)
When was the Battle of Al-Sannabra? Who between? Result?
June 1113
Baldwin I (Jerusalem) vs Mawdud (Mosul) + Tughtegin (Damascus)
Seljuk victory
Who was invited to repopulate Jerusalem after the 1099 massacre? Who invited them?
Syrian Christians
Baldwin I
When was the 2nd Battle of Ramlah? Who between? Result?
May 1102
Baldwin I + Stephen of Blois (Jerusalem) vs al-Ma’ali (Fatimid)
- al-Ma’ali victory
- Baldwin barely escapes tower, Stephen of Blois killed
- Fatimids besiege Jaffa (stopped by Baldwin I)
When was the Battle of Al-Sannabra? Who between? Result? Why?
June 1113
Baldwin I (Jerusalem) vs Mawdud (Mosul) + Tughtegin (Damascus)
Seljuk victory
Baldwin rushes into battle, didn’t wait for Pons of Tripoli
Who besieged Edessa? When? Who tried to resist the siege? Success or failure?
Mawdud of Mosul
Apr 1110
Baldwin I
siege failed
Which Muslim city was jointly sieged by 2 Outremer leaders? Who? When? Success or failure?
Shaizar
Tancred & Baldwin I
Sept 1111
siege failed
Which Muslim city was besieged by Baldwin II? When? Who defended the city? Success or failure?
Aleppo
1124
Ibn al-Kashshab & Aq-Sonqur
Siege failed
Who captured Joscelin I and Baldwin II? When?
Balak
1122 & 1123
Who was the Battle of Yibneh between? (Why?) When? Who won?
Eustace Grenier (Jerusalem) vs al-Ma’mun (Fatimids)
(Baldwin II captured by Balak)
May 1123
Jerusalem
When was the battle of Turbessel (Tell Bashir)? Who was it between? Who won? What does it prove?
Sept 1108
Tancred + Ridwan vs Baldwin + Jawali
Tancred + Ridwan
Muslim disunity, failure to see Crusaders as threat
When was Bohemond I captured? Where? Who by? Who did this motivate? When was he released, and who paid his ransom?
1100
Battle of Melitene
Danishmends
Crusaders of 1101
1103, Baldwin I of Jerusalem
When was Baldwin II captured the first time? Where? Who captured him? Who chose to not rescue him? In return for what?
1104-08
Battle of Harran
Sökmen and Jikirmish
Tancred
15,000 bezants
Which Damascene jurist who was the first to preach jihad against the Franks in 1105?
al-Sulami
Who were the key atabegs of Mosul in these years?
Kerbogha (1096-1102) - failed at Antioch
Jikirmush (1102-06) - captured Bald II at Harran
Jawali (1106-09) - rebel
Mawdud (1109-13) - assassinated in 1113
Aq-Sonqur (1113-14) & (1124-26) - assassinated in 1126
Zengi (1127-46)
Which vice did Il-Ghazi have that limited his appeal as a Muslim role model?
Alcoholism
When was the Battle of Hab? Who between? Result? Why?
14th Aug 1119 (after disaster at Field of Blood)
Baldwin II + Pons vs Il-Ghazi
Baldwin II victory
after FoB, Il-Ghazi goes on drinking binge and doesn’t capitalise on weakened Antioch
When did Il-Ghazi die, leading to the succession of his nephew Balak?
1122
Who were the key rulers of Aleppo in these years?
Ridwan (1095-1113)
Il-Ghazi (1117-22)
Balak (1123-24)
Zengi (1128-46)
In what year did Zengi become the ruler of Mosul?
In what year did Zengi become the (de facto) ruler of Aleppo?
1127
1128
Who was the Battle of Azaz between? When? Who won? What happened after?
Baldwin II + Joscelin I + Pons vs Aq-Sonqur + Tughtegin
Jun 1125
Crusaders
Muslim siege of Azaz (Edessa) lifted
Which Seljuk Sultan from 1118 was too distracted by rivals and civil war to directly aid the Muslim Near East?
Ahmed Sanjar
Possession of what led to friction with Byzantium that prevented an alliance between Christians?
Antioch
Which cities did Tancred capture from Byzantium for Antioch? When?
1101 - Tarsus, Adana + Mamistra
1103 - Latakia
What was the terms of the Treaty of Devol? When was it signed? Who accepted/rejected it?
accept Byzantine superiority and declare Antioch as Alexios’ vassal
Sept 1108
Accepted - Bohemond I, (later) Raynald
Rejected - Tancred, Roger of Salerno, Bohemond II
Who was the Greek Patriarch of Antioch before 1100? Who banished him? Who would replace him?
John the Oxite (Byz)
Bohemond I
Bernard of Valence (Latin)
In what year did a Byzantine diplomatic visit Outremer to repair relations with Bohemond of Antioch?
Manuel Boutoumites
1099
What were the causes of Bohemond’s Crusade?
- defeat at Battle of Harran (1104) proved need for Western reinforcements, returned to Europe to rally support
- hatred of Byzantium (long-standing Normans vs Byz)
- tensions with Alexios since First Crusade, e.g. apparent betrayal at Nicaea and Antioch
What were the consequences of Bohemond’s Crusade?
Largely Failure
- Alexios surrounds Norman siege of Dyrrachium (1107-08), Bohemond forced to surrender
- Treaty of Devol (1108) forces recognition of Antioch as Byzantine vassal and reinstatement of a Greek Patriarch of Antioch, upsets Bohemond (dies 6 months later, successor Tancred rejected Treaty)
What were imposed upon the Byzantine-backed Greek Orthodox priests?
Latin Bishops
When had the Venetians signed a trade treaty with the Byzantines?
When had the Pisans gained trade privileges with the Byzantines?
1082
1111
When did John II succeed Alexios I? What controversy did he cause instantly? How did this boil over?
1118
refused to confirm 1082 trade treaty with Venetians, caused anger
1122-24 Venetian Crusade targetted Byzantine islands
When did John II resolve the Venetian issues? How?
Aug 1126
signs treaty restoring 1082 agreement & Pisan privileges
Which Byzantine islands did the Venetian Crusade target?
winter 1122-23:
unsuccessfully besiege Korfu
winter 1124-25:
plunder Rhodes, Chios, Samos, Lesbos + Andros
capture Kefalonia
Who did John II fight against in Anatolia between 1130 and 1135?
Danishmends
Which Christians were prominent in the county of Tripoli and the northernmost kingdom of Jerusalem?
Maronites
Which Eastern Christians were numerous in the states of Antioch and Edessa? How did the Franks take advantage of this?
Armenians
Edessan leaders married Armenians, e.g. Baldwin I + Arda, Baldwin II + Morphia
Which followers of the Syrian Orthodox Church were on generally amicable terms with the Franks?
Jacobites
Which ethnic group made up the majority of the population in the principality of Antioch? What did this mean?
Greeks
allowed to hold offices (only in Antioch)
Which group had no representation on the Cour de la Fonde that heavily favoured Franks?
Muslims
What was paid by all non-Frankish people in Outremer? How much was it?
Poll tax
1 dinar, 5 qirat per head + tax on produce
When was intermarriage made illegal? What was the punishment for sex between Franks and Muslims?
Council of Nablus (Jan 1120)
men - castration, women - cut off nose
When was the local population of Jerusalem attacked? How?
July 1099
massacred or expelled
Which patriarch of Jerusalem was reprimanded for having performed a Christian-Muslim wedding? When? Who by?
Arnulf
1114
Paschal II
Between which local and Frankish religious leaders did a dispute form? When?
Athanasius (Jacobite) + Bernard of Valence (Patriarch of Antioch)
1118
Who resettled a group of native people from East of the river Jordan to south of Jerusalem? Which group?
Baldwin I
Jacobites
Which town in the kingdom of Jerusalem had a significant Jewish community?
Haifa
What rural buildings were usually shared by the Franks and indigenous Christians?
churches
