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Biology Topic 1 > 1.1 What is cardiovascular disease? > Flashcards

1.1 What is cardiovascular disease? Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases?

A

Diseases of the heart and circulation

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2
Q

What are the main forms of cardiovascular diseases?

A

• Coronary heart disease
• Stroke

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3
Q

What is the function of the heart and circulation?

A

To move substances around the body

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4
Q

How do unicellular organisms move substances around?

A

As distances are short, substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and digestive products move around the organism by diffusion

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

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6
Q

Why can’t multicellular organisms rely on diffusion?

A

They are too large for diffusion to move substances around their bodies quickly enough

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7
Q

How do multicellular organisms move substances around?

A

They rely on a mass transport system to move substances efficiently over long distances by mass flow

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8
Q

What does a circulatory system consist of?

A

Animals usually have blood to carry vital substances around their bodies and a heart to pump it

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9
Q

How do open circulatory systems work?

A

Blood circulated in large open spaces. A simple heart pumps blood out into cavities surrounding the animals organs. Substances can diffuse between the blood and cells.

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10
Q

How do closed circulatory systems work?

A

Blood is enclosed within tubes - blood vessels. This generates higher blood pressures as the blood is forced along fairly narrow channels. This means the blood travels faster and so the blood system is more efficient at delivering substances around the body.

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11
Q

Where does the blood travels faster and in a closed circulatory system?

A

• The blood leaves the heart under pressure and flows along arteries and then arterioles to capillaries
• The capillaries come into close contact with most of the cells in the body where substances are exchanged between blood and cells
• The blood then returns to the heart by means of benumbed and then veins

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12
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

To ensure that blood flows only in one direction

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13
Q

How does blood flow in single circulatory systems? (fish example)

A

• The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills
• Gaseous exchange takes place in the gills; there is diffusion of CO2 from the blood into the water that surrounds the gills, and diffusion of oxygen from this water into the blood within gills
• The blood leaving the gills then flows round the rest of the body before eventually returning to the heart

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14
Q

How many times does the blood flow through the heart in single circulatory systems?

A

Once for each complete circuit of the body

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15
Q

How does blood flow in double circulatory systems?

A

• The right ventricle of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it receives oxygen
• The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart to be pumped a second time (by the left ventricle) out to the rest of the body

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16
Q

How many times does the blood flow through the heart in double circulatory systems?

A

Twice for each complete circuit of the body

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17
Q

What does the heart do to the blood returning from the lungs?

A

Gives the blood an extra ‘boost’ that reduces the time it takes for the blood to circulate round the whole body

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18
Q

What does the extra ‘boost’ allow birds and mammals to have?

A

To have a high metabolic rate, as oxygen and food substances required for metabolic processes can be delivered more rapidly to cells and meet the needs of the organism

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19
Q

What is the transport medium in animals?

A

Blood

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20
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

• Mainly water
• Digested food molecules (glucose)
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Proteins
• Amino acids
• Salts
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Antibodies
• Urea

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21
Q

What cells are carried in blood?

A

• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets

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22
Q

What type of molecule is water?

A

Polar molecule; it has an unevenly distributed electrical charge

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23
Q

How is water a polar molecule?

A

The hydrogen end of the molecule is slightly positive and the oxygen end id slightly negative as the electrons are more concentrated at that end

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24
Q

How does water have its properties?

A

The hydrogen bonding holds the water molecules together

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25
Q

Water’s solvent properties

A

Many chemicals dissolve easily in water, due to their dipole nature, allowing vital biochemical reactions to occur in the cytoplasm. The dissolved substances can also be transported around organisms.

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26
Q

What does hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean?

A

Hydrophilic - attracted to water
Hydrophobic - repelled by water

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27
Q

What type of substances are said to be hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic - polar substances
Hydrophobic - non-polar substances

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28
Q

Water’s thermal properties

A

Water has a very high specific heat capacity because in water a large amount of energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds. A large input of energy causes only a small increase in temperature, so water warms up and cools down slowly.

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29
Q

Why are these thermal properties useful for organisms?

A

Helping them to avoid rapid changes in their internal temperature and enabling them to maintain a steady temperature even when the temperature in their surroundings varies considerably

30
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

31
Q

What is the function of the right side of the heart?

A

It receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

32
Q

What is the function of the left side of the heart?

A

It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

33
Q

Label a diagram of the heart

A
34
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

Carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body

35
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

Take blood back to the heart

36
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

Where metabolic exchange occurs - substances are exchanged between cells and capillaries

37
Q

What common features do arteries and veins have?

A

• Walls contain collagen
• Elastic fibres
• Smooth muscle cells in walls

38
Q

What does collagen do?

A

Makes them strong and durable

39
Q

What do elastic fibres do?

A

Allows them to stretch to accommodate high pressure and recoil to maintain pressure on blood

40
Q

What does the smooth muscle do?

A

Allows them to constrict and dilate

41
Q

How are arteries adapted to carry out their function?

A

• Thick smooth muscular walls: maintain high pressure without damage - contract/exert pressure
• Folded endothelium: allows stretching to accommodate high pressure
• Narrow lumen: maintains blood at high pressure
• Smooth lining: reduces friction to blood flow

42
Q

How are veins adapted to carry out their function?

A

• Thinner walls: allows skeletal muscle movement and low heart pressure to draw blood towards heart
• Valves: ensures blood continues to move towards the heart
• Large lumen: blood flows back to the heart under low pressure

43
Q

How are capillaries adapted to carry out their function?

A

• One cell thick walls: reduces diffusion distance, higher rate of diffusion
• Large network near all cells: increases surface area which allows a higher rate of diffusion
• Narrow lumen: reduces diffusion distance between RBC and tissue cells

44
Q

Label diagrams of arteries, veins and capillaries

A
45
Q

What happens to the blood vessels during systole?

A

The heart contracts, blood is forced into arteries and their elastic walls stretch to accommodate the blood

46
Q

What happens to the blood vessels during diastole?

A

The heart relaxes, the elasticity of the artery walls causes them to recoil behind the blood, helping to push the blood forward and smoothing blood flow

47
Q

How is the heart muscle supplied with blood?

A

Through its own coronary circulation; two vessels called the coronary arteries, a network of capillaries and two coronary veins

48
Q

How does the heart work?

A

The chambers of the heart alternately contract (systole) and relax (diastole) in a rhythmic cycle. One complete sequence of filling and pumping blood is called a cardiac cycle.

49
Q

What happens to the heart during systole?

A

Cardiac muscle contracts and the heart pumps blood out through the aorta and pulmonary arteries

50
Q

What happens to the heart during diastole?

A

Cardiac muscle relaxes and the heart fills with blood

51
Q

What are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Ventricular systole
  3. Diastole
52
Q

What happens in the atrial systole phase?

A

Blood under low pressure flows into the left and right atria from the pulmonary veins and vena cava. As the atria fill, the increasing pressure of blood against the atrioventricular valves pushes them open and blood begins to leak into the ventricles. The atria walls contract forcing more blood into the ventricles.

53
Q

What happens in the ventricular systole phase?

A

The ventricles contract from the base of the heart upwards, increasing the pressure in the ventricles. The pressure forces open the semilunar valves and pushes blood up and out through the pulmonary arteries and aorta. The pressure of blood against the atrioventricular valves closes them and prevents blood flowing backwards into the atria.

54
Q

What happens in the cardiac diastole phase?

A

The atria and ventricles relax. Elastic recoil of the relaxing heart walls lowers pressure in the atria and ventricles. Blood under higher pressure in the pulmonary arteries and aorta is drawn back towards the ventricles, closing the semilunar valves and preventing further back flow into the ventricles. The coronary arteries fill during diastole. Low pressure in the atria helps draw blood into the heart from the veins.

55
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The disease process that leads to coronary heart disease and strokes

56
Q

What happens in atherosclerosis?

A

Fatty deposits can either block an artery directly or increase its chance of being blocked by a blood clot (thrombosis). The blood supple can be blocked completely.

57
Q

What happens if the blood supply is not restored very quickly?

A

The affected cells are permanently damaged. In the coronary arteries thus results in a heart attack. In the arteries supplying the brain it results in a stroke.

58
Q

What is event 1 of atherosclerosis?

A

The endothelium becomes damaged and dysfunctional for some reason. This endothelial damage can result from high blood pressure, which puts an extra strain on the layer of cells.

59
Q

What is event 2 of atherosclerosis?

A

Once the inner lining of the artery is breached there is an inflammatory response. WBC leave the blood vessel and move into the artery wall. These cells accumulate chemicals from the blood, particularly cholesterol. A fatty deposit builds up, an atheroma.

60
Q

What is event 3 of atherosclerosis?

A

Calcium salts and fibrous tissue also build up at this site, resulting in a hard swelling called a plaque on the inner wall of the artery. The build-up of fibrous tissue means that the artery wall loses some of its elasticity; it hardens.

61
Q

What is event 4 of atherosclerosis?

A

Plaques cause the lumen of the artery to become narrower. This makes it more difficult for the heart to pump blood around the body and can lead to a rise in blood pressure. Now there is a dangerous positive feedback building up. Plaques lead to a raised blood pressure and raised blood pressure makes it more likely that further plaques will form, as damage to endothelial tissue in other areas becomes more likely.

62
Q

Why do only arteries get atherosclerosis?

A

The fast-flowing blood in arteries is under high pressure so there is a significant chance of damage to the walls

63
Q

What does a blood clot do?

A

Seals the break in the blood vessel and limits blood loss and prevents entry of pathogens through any open wounds

64
Q

What do platelets do when they come into contact with the damaged vessel wall?

A

Their cell surfaces change, causing them to stick to the exposed collagen in the wall and to each other to form a temporary platelet plug

65
Q

How do blood clots form?

A
  1. Platelets and damaged tissue release thromboplastin
  2. Thromboplastin activates an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin. A number of other protein factors, vitamin K and calcium ions must be present in the blood plasma for this conversion to happen
  3. Thrombin then catalyses the conversion of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into the insoluble protein fibrin
  4. A mesh of fibrin forms that traps more platelets and RBC to form a clot
66
Q

Why doesn’t blood usually clot in vessels?

A

Platelets do not stick to the endothelium of blood vessels, it is very smooth and has substances on its surface that repel the platelets

67
Q

What happens in arteries to cause blood clotting?

A

If there is atherosclerosis and the endothelium is damaged, the platelets come into contact with the damaged surface and any exposed collagen. The clotting will be triggered.

68
Q

What happens if the coronary arteries begin to narrow?

A

It limits the amount of oxygen-rich blood reaching the heart muscle. The result may be a chest pain called angina.

69
Q

When is angina experienced?

A

During exertion when the cardiac muscle is working harder and needs to respire more. Because the heart muscle lacks oxygen, it is forced to respire anaerobically.

70
Q

What happens if a fatty plaque in the coronary artery ruptured?

A

Collagen is exposed which leads to rapid clot formation. The blood supply to the heart may be blocked completely. The heart muscle supplied by these arteries does not receive any blood, so it is ischaemic. If the affected muscle cells are starved of oxygen for long they will be permanently damaged and a myocardial infarction occurs.

71
Q

What happens if a blood clot blocks one of the arteries leading to the brain?

A

A full stroke will result. If brain cells are starved of oxygen for more than a few minutes they will be permanently damaged and it can be fatal.

Biology Topic 1 (6 decks)

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