1.1 unit test

Question 1

Medical interventions categories

Answer 1

1) Surgery
2) Pharmacology
3) Immunology
4) Genetics
5) Diagnostics
6) Rehabilitation
7) Devices

Question 2

Basic bacterial identification steps

Answer 2

1) Sample prep
2) PCR Amplification
3) PCR Purification
4) Sequencing prep
5) Sequencing
6) Analysis (of results)

Question 3

How to find concentration of a solution

Answer 3

solute / (solute + solvent)

Question 4

How to find concentration of Tube 2

Answer 4

(concentration of Tube 1) * (tube dilution of Tube 2)

Question 5

ELISA basic steps

Answer 5

1) Insert sample, which (supposedly) contains antigen; antigen binds to well walls
2) Wash out unbound proteins
3) Insert primary antibody - if the antigen is present, the primary antibody will bind
4) Wash out unbound primary antibodies
5) Insert enzyme-linked secondary antibody - if the primary antibody (and by extension, the antigen) is still present, the 2nd antibody will bind to it
6) Wash out unbound secondary antibodies
7) Add enzyme substrate (TMB)
8) Observe color change

Question 6

Bacterial meningitis physiological effects

Answer 6

The pathogen causes inflammation of the meninges (membranes) around the brain and spinal cord, invoking symptoms like stiff neck, lethargy, and fever

Question 7

Advantageous to detect antigens rather than antibodies

Answer 7

Antigens are detectable faster in an infection since it takes the body time to produce antibodies, esp. if the pathogen is new

Question 8

1) Sample prep

Answer 8

a) Pick up 1 bacterial colony
b) Place colony in centrifuge tube (separates unwanted debris from wanted DNA)
c) Unwanted debris in the pellet
DNA in the supernatant2)

Question 9

2) PCR amplification

Answer 9

a) Pipette DNA from supernatant into new tube
b) Set up +- controls
c) Run PCR cycles
i) Both strands of DNA are separated/unzipped
ii) Primers bind/anneal to target sequence
iii) DNA polymerase copies each strand

Question 10

3) PCR purification

Answer 10

a) Run electrophoresis OR
b) Centrifuge DNA sample to separate DNA from leftover primers/enzymes from the amplification step
-> Sample contains multiple copies of the wanted DNA w/ little contamination

Question 11

4) Sequencing prep

Answer 11

a) Add sample from previous step to “brew” with nucleotides and primers
b) Run PCR again
c) Primer begins in the same place on each strand but finishes in different places
-> There are strands of varying lengths that are later stitched together to have the whole gene

Question 12

5) DNA sequencing

Answer 12

a) Load tray into machine
-> Different strands of DNA from step 4 are marked with fluorescent markers, which are interpreted as nucleotides when placed in the machine

Question 13

6) DNA analysis

Answer 13

BLAST / databases