11. Schooling and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Approximate number system (ANS)

Answer 1

An intuitive, non symbolic system for thinking about quantities

Question 2

Conservation of number

Answer 2

In Piaget’s theory, the knowledge that the number of items in an array remains the same despite changes in the form of the array

Question 3

Decomposition

Answer 3

An arithmetic strategy in which children transform the original problem into two or more simpler problems

Question 4

Developmentally appropriate programs

Answer 4

Preschool programs that take children’s natural propensities for play and activity into consideration

Question 5

Direct-instruction programs

Answer 5

Preschool programs that stress formal instruction

Question 6

Dyslexia

Answer 6

Reading disability, such that a person has difficulty in learning to read despite an average intelligence

Question 7

Emergent literacy

Answer 7

The skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are presumed to be developmental precursors to conventional forms of reading and writing and the environments that support these developments

Question 8

Evolutionary educational psychology

Answer 8

Principles of evolution applied to educational psychology

Question 9

Fact retrieval

Answer 9

In information-processing approaches to cognition, the retrieval of a fact directly from long-term memory without using effortful procedures

Question 10

Integrative theory of numerical development

Answer 10

Siegler and Lortie-Forgue’s theory proposing that mathematical development can be explained by the continuing growth of understanding of numerical magnitudes

Question 11

Matthew effect

Answer 11

With respect to reading, the phenomenon in which the difference between good and poor readers increases over time

Question 12

Meta-analysis

Answer 12

A statistical technique that allows an investigator to evaluate the magnitude of a significant effect across a large number of studies by providing an estimate of effect size, expressed in terms of how large average differences between targeted groups are across the various studies, taking into consideration the overall amount of variability

Question 13

Min strategy

Answer 13

An arithmetic strategy in which children faced with an addition problem start with the largest addend and count up from there

Question 14

Phonemic awareness

Answer 14

The knowledge that words consist of separable sounds; contrast with phonological recoding

Question 15

Phonological recoding

Answer 15

Reading skills used to translate written symbols into sounds and words; contrast with phonemic awareness

Question 16

Rapid automatized naming (RAN)

Answer 16

The ability to rapidly name as many familiar items (words, numbers, colors, digits) as possible

Question 17

Stereotype threat

Answer 17

Phenomenon in which minority members perform worse on IQ or other tests after being reminded of the negative stereotype concerning their group’s performance on such tests

Question 18

Sum strategy

Answer 18

A simple addition strategy used by young children that involves counting together the two addends of a problem

Question 19

Video deficit

Answer 19

The phenomenon whereby children much younger than 2 years of age learn and remember information better when they view or interact with a live model rather than via video