11. Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management Flashcards
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 1 Purpose
- This work process leads to creating and implementing a
risk management plan (RMP)
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 1 Purpose
- Risk shall be determined by combining the POF (Section 9) and the COF (Section 10). The general form of the risk equation shall be as follows:
risk = probability × consequence
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.1 Determination of the Probability of a Specific Consequence
- The probability of credible events leading up to the specific consequence should be factored into the probability of the specific consequence occurring. For example, after a loss of containment, a series of events may be as follows:
a) first, initiation or
b) second, dispersion, dilution, or
c) third, initiation of or failure to
d) additional events until the specific
a) failure of safeguards (isolation, alarms, etc.).
b) accumulation of the fluid.
c) initiate preventative action (shutting down nearby ignition sources, neutralizing the fluid, etc.).
d) consequence event (fire, toxic release, injury, environmental release, etc.)occurs.
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.1 Determination of the Probability of a Specific Consequence
- The probability of a specific consequence is tied to the severity of the consequence and may
differ considerably from the probability of the equipment failure itself.
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.1 Determination of the Probability of a Specific Consequence
- Probabilities of incidents generally decrease with
the severity of the incident.
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.1 Determination of the Probability of a Specific Consequence
- For a specific damage mechanism, the expected mode of failure should be considered when
determining the probability of incidents in the aftermath of an equipment failure.
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.1 Determination of the Probability of a Specific Consequence
- The example in Figure 6 serves to illustrate how the probability of a specific consequence could be
determined.
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.2 Calculating the Probability of a Specific Consequence
Example
An equipment item containing a flammable fluid is being assessed.
The probability of a specific consequence should be the product of the probability of each event that could result in the specific consequence. In this example, the specific consequence being evaluated is a fire (an example event tree starting with a loss of containment is shown below). The probability of a fire would be:
probability of fire = probability of failure × probability of ignition
probability of fire = 0.001 per year × 0.01
probability of fire = 0.00001 or 1.00E–05
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.2 Calculating the Probability of a Specific Consequence
Example (continue)
The probability of no fire encompasses two scenarios (loss of containment without ignition and no loss of containment). The probability of no fire would be:
probability of no fire = (probability of failure × probability of non-ignition) + probability of no failure
probability of no fire = (0.001 per year × 0.99) + 0.999 per year
probability of no fire = 0.99999 per year
NOTE (1E10 –5)
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.2 Calculating the Probability of a Specific Consequence
Example (continue)
The probability of no fire encompasses two scenarios (loss of containment without ignition and no loss of containment). The probability of no fire would be: (continue)
The probability of all consequence scenarios should equal 1.0. In the example, the probability of the specific consequence of a fire per year) plus the probability of no fire (0.999999 per year) equals 1.0.
If the consequence of a fire had been assessed at $1E07, then the resulting risk would be:
risk of fire =1.00E–05 per year × $1E07 = $100 per year
NOTE The overall risk includes the probability of loss of containment. For example, if the probability of loss of containment is 0.1, the overall risk above is 0.1 × $100/year = $10/year.
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.2 Calculating the Probability of a Specific Consequence
Example (continue)
The probability of no fire encompasses two scenarios (loss of containment without ignition and no loss of containment). The probability of no fire would be: (continue)
Typically, there will be other credible consequences that should be evaluated. However, it is often possible to determine a dominant probability/consequence pair, such that it is not necessary to include every credible scenario in the analysis. Engineering judgment and experience should be used to eliminate trivial cases.
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.3 Calculate Risk
- risk for each specific consequence. The risk equation can now be stated as:
risk of a specific consequence = probability of a specific consequence × specific consequence
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.3 Calculate Risk
The total risk is the sum of the individual risks for each specific consequence. Often one probability/consequence pair will be
dominant and the total risk can be approximated by the risk of the dominant scenario.
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.3 Calculate Risk
For the example mentioned in 11.2.1, if the consequence of a fire had been assessed at $1E07, then the resulting risk would be:
risk of fire = 1.00E–05 per year × $1E07 = $100 per year
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.3 Calculate Risk
If probability and consequence are not expressed as numerical values, risk is usually determined by plotting the probability and consequence on a risk matrix (see 11.6). Probability and consequence pairs for various scenarios may be plotted to determine risk of each scenario.
plotting the probability and consequence on a risk matrix (see 11.6). Probability and consequence pairs for various scenarios may be plotted to determine risk of each scenario.
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 2 Determination of Risk
- 2.3 Calculate Risk
Note that when a risk matrix is used, the probability to be plotted should be the probability of the associated consequence, not the POF. Also note that the overall risk shall include
the probability of loss of containment. For example, if the probability of loss of containment is 0.1, the overall risk above is
0.1 × $100/year = $10/year.
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 3 Risk Management Decisions and Acceptable Levels of Risk
- 3.1 Risk Acceptance
- Company may be different in terms of acceptable risk levels, risk management decisions can
vary among companies.
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 3 Risk Management Decisions and Acceptable Levels of Risk
- 3.1 Risk Acceptance
- Cost-benefit analysis is a powerful tool that is being used by many users and companies as
one method in determining risk acceptance.
11 Risk Determination, Assessment, and Management
- 3 Risk Management Decisions and Acceptable Levels of Risk
- 3.1 Risk Acceptance
- Users are referred to ASME PVRC Project 99-IP-01 for more information on
risk acceptance.