11 - Psychoanalytic Psychology: Freud and His Disciples Flashcards
Biological approaches
Assume that abnormal behavior is caused by brain malfunction that can be inherited or environmentally induced
Supernatural approaches
Attribute abnormal behavior to evil spirits or forces that have somehow entered the body
Psychological approaches
Emphasize the role of mental stress arising from such things as traumatic experiences, anxiety, fear, guilt, and unconscious motivation
Witch hunts
Promoted by the church and codified in Malleus Maleficarum, or the Witches’ Hammer in 1484…written by two Dominican theologians
Hysteria
Comes from the Greek word for uterus, and was originally believed to be due to a defective reproductive system in females. Symptoms varied from seizures, paralysis, tics, headaches, sensory loss to memory lapses. They mimicked neurological damage but no organic cause could be found. The condition confounded neurologists and most considered it to be a form of malingering.
The Nancy School
Auguste Liébeault and Hippolyte Bernheim
All people are suggestible but some more so than others…highly suggestible people are the most susceptible to hypnosis and the most likely to benefit from post hypnotic suggestions. Less suggestible people are harder to hypnotize and less likely to improve
The Charcot School
Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet
Susceptibility to hypnotism was a characteristic of underlying hysterical pathology and only hysterics could be hypnotized
Manifest content
The content of a dream that is remembered upon awakening. It is the literal narrative of what happened in the dream
Latent content
The true meaning of a dream that lies disguised beneath the manifest content and must be discovered
Dream work
Disguises the wish that is anxiety provoking and has been repressed into an acceptable form
Condensation
Involves compressing many repressed latent thoughts into fusions in the manifest content
Displacement
Involves a reversal of the emotional charge from the real object to a different one and can work in both directions
Symbolism
Involves the dream work of using universal dream symbols that have the same meaning in everyone’s dreams
Oedipal complex
First sexual impulses towards mother, first impulses of hatred and violence toward our fathers.
“Psychopathology of Everyday Life” Freud
Primary thesis was that all behavior, normal or abnormal, is determined and based on some motive
-mistakes in speech, reading and writing
-forgetting of names, words, and resolutions
-mistaken and chance behaviors
“Freudian Slips”
Clark University talks
The first major exposure of psychoanalysis in the United States
Thanatos
Death instinct
Libido…later renamed Eros
Life instinct
Objective anxiety
Arises from a real threat and the ego must rationally plan action to deal with the threat
Neurotic anxiety
Comes from a feeling that the irrational needs of the id are going to overwhelm the ego
Moral anxiety
Arises when the standards of the superego are in danger of being violated by the ego
Ego defense mechanisms
Unconsciously employed to combat neurotic and moral anxiety…primary is repression
Consciousness
Consists of things we are aware of at a given moment
Preconsciousness
Contains items that can easily be retrieved
Unconscious
Contains repressed memories not easily retrievable
Id
Present at birth and contains two conflicting unconscious instincts, Eros (life instinct) and Thanatos (death instinct)
Eros
Functions to instinctually discharge libidinal energy, seek pleasure and avoid pain in accordance with the pleasure principle.
Thanatos
Seeks to terminate life and is aggressive in nature
Ego
Develops to coordinate the demands of the id with the realities of the physical world and operates according to the reality principle. It is rational and cognitive, but immoral, and functions at all levels of consciousness
Superego
Develops from the ego, incorporates standards of appropriate behavior and is the moral component of personality. It functions primarily in the unconscious mind and punishes the ego for inappropriate behavior or thoughts with guilt and rewards it for good behavior through pride
Sublimation
Involves diverting the sexual goals of the ego to higher purposes valued by society
Psychological shock
May occur when one’s fictional prototype conflicts with reality and may lead to neurosis
Fictional prototype
Established during childhood. Orients the personality toward the future and provides direction for the pursuit of life’s three tasks
Creative power
Power an individual has to conceive the self and establish a personality as the style of self is developed
Inferiority
Universal experience of humans and comes from comparisons with unattainable ideals of perfection
Inferiority complex
Results from exaggerated feelings of inferiority and is partly explained by insufficient social interest
Personal unconscious
Contents of the mind that at one time were conscious thoughts but have been forgotten or repressed
Collective unconscious
The deepest level of the psyche that is a repository of ancestral experiences common to all humans
Archetypes
Ancient types…comprise the contents of the collective unconscious and represent predispositions to relate to the world in predictable ways
Self
The unifying core that works to obtain a balance of unconscious and conscious forces
Persona or mask
Refers to the identities assumed by socially prescribed roles
Shadow
Our immoral or aggressive side hidden from public view
Anima
Representation of woman in man
Animus
Representation of man in woman
Extroversion
Outward turning of the libido away from ones inner experience. Extroverts tend to be gregarious, outgoing, sociable, and daring
Introversion
An inward turning of the libido. Introverts tend to be aloof, quiet, imaginative, and inhibited
Thinking
Interprets events and provides meaning and understanding
Feeling
Subjective evaluation that provides value to an experience- good, bad, like, or dislike
Sensing
Refers to the sensory perception of sights, sounds, smells, taste and touch of physical objects
Intuiting
An instinctive unconscious apprehension or understanding of experience with no tangible basis
Neurotic needs
Excessive, insatiable, and unrealistic demands that dominate the person’s behavior
Moving toward people
Neurotic needs for a partner and affection and also includes compulsive modesty. Dominant personality characteristics of this adjustment pattern are helplessness, compliance, and self-effacement. This is the only way they feel safe.
Moving against people
Includes neurotic needs for power, exploitation, recognition, and achievement. Dominant personality characteristics are hostility, distrust, and hyper-competitiveness.
Moving away from people
Includes neurotic needs for admiration, self-sufficiency, and perfection. Dominant personality characteristics are isolation from other people and resignation from life into a world of their own
