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Cambridge IGCSE Geography Second Edition > 1.1 Population Dynamics > Flashcards

1.1 Population Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the carrying capacity?

A

The carrying capacity is the largest population that the resources of a given environment can support.

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2
Q

Neolithic Revolution.

A

When people first began to domesticate animals and cultivate crops. The population was estimated to be around 5 million with an annual growth rate less than 0.1% per year.

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3
Q

The population at 3500 BCE?

A

Around 30 million.

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4
Q

The population 2000 years ago?

A

250 million.

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5
Q

What are Demographers?

A

People who study human population.

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6
Q

World population in billions?

A 
1650 - 500 million people.
1800 - 1 billion people
1930 - 2 billion people
1960 - 3 billion people.
1974 - 4 billion people.
1987 - 5 billion people.
1999 - 6 billion people.
2011 - 7 billion people.
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7
Q

Possible reason for dramatic decrease in population growth?

A

Gregory Pincus and John Rock with the assistance from the Planned Parenthood Federation of America developed the first birth control pills in the 1950s which became publicly available in the 1960s.

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8
Q

The highest ever global population growth rate as reached when?

A

In the early to mid 1960s when population growth in the less developed world peaked at 2.4% per year. The term ‘population explosion’ was widely used at this time.

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9
Q

The greater population increases is caused by?

A

The gap between the number of births and deaths.

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10
Q

Estimate on how many people have ever lived?

A

108 billion people, 6.5% of which are alive today.

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11
Q

What is the birth rate?

A

The number of births per thousand population in a year.

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12
Q

What is the death rate?

A

The death rate is the number of deaths per thousand population in a year.

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13
Q

What is the DIFFERENCE between the birth rate and death rate?

A

The rate of natural change.

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14
Q

What is the rate of natural change called when positive?

A

Natural Increase.

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15
Q

What is the rate of natural change called when negative?

A

Natural Decrease.

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16
Q

What is population change affected by?

A

(a) the difference between births and deaths - the natural change.
(b) the balance between immigration and emigration - net migration

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17
Q

What is the immigration rate?

A

The number of immigrants per thousand population entering a receiving country in a year.

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18
Q

What is the emigration rate?

A

The number of emigrants per thousand population leaving a country of origin in a year.

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19
Q

What is the rate of net migration?

A

The rate of net migration is the difference between the rate of immigration and emigration.

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20
Q

The demographic transition helps with..?

A

Explaining the causes of a change in population size.

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21
Q

What is the High Stationary Stage? (stage 1)

A

The birth rate is high and stable.
The death rate is high and fluctuating due to famine, disease, and sometimes war.
Population growth is very slow and may have periods of considerable decline.
Infant mortality is high and life expectancy low.
A high proportion of the population is under 15.
Pre-industrial with most people living in rural areas, dependent on subsistence farming

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22
Q

What is the Early Expanding Stage? (stage 2)

A

The death rate declines dramatically.
The birth rate remains the same due to governing social norms.
The rate of natural increases as the gap between the two widens.
Infant mortality rate falls and life expectancy rises.
The proportion of the population under 15 increases.
Better nutrition, improved public health, and medical advances decrease the death rate.
Considerable rural to urban migration occurs.

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23
Q

What is the Late Expanding Stage? (stage 3)

A

Social norms adjust to the lower level of mortality and the birth rate declines.
Urbanization generally slows and the average age increases.
Life expectancy keeps increases and infant mortality decreases.
Lower death rates due to relatively young population structures.

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24
Q

What is the Low Stationary Stage? (stage 4)

A

Both birth and death rates are low.
Population growth is slow.
Death rates rise slightly as the average age of the population increases.
Life expectancy improves as age-specific mortality rates continue to fall.

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25
Q

What is the Natural Decrease Stage? (stage 5)

A

The birth rate has fallen below the death rate.
In the absence of net migration inflows these populations are declining.
Germany, Belarus, Bulgaria and Ukraine are examples.

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26
Q

What are 5 of the contrasts in demographic transition?

A

Birth rates in stages 1 and 2 were generally higher.
The death rate fell much more steeply.
Some countries had much larger base populations and thus the impact of high growth in stage 2 and the early part of stage 3 has been much greater.
For those countries in stage 3 the fall in fertility has also been steeper.
The relationship between population change and economic development has been much weaker.

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27
Q

What 3 factors govern population change?

A

Fertility, Mortality, and Migration.

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28
Q

What is the total fertility rate?

A

The average number of children a woman has during her lifetime.

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29
Q

What are the four categories that the factors affecting fertility can be grouped into?

A
  1. Demographic.
  2. Social/Cultural.
  3. Economic
  4. Political
30
Q

What factors does the demographic category include?

A

The Infant Mortality Rate.

The Death Rate.

31
Q

What factors does the social/cultural category include?

A 
Tradition.
Cultural Expectations.
Education.
Female Literacy.
Religion.
32
Q

What factors does the economic category include?

A 
Children seen as assets.
Economic growth.
Health.
Housing
Nutrition
A good economy allows the general public to afford the necessities as well as things like education.
33
Q

What is life expectancy at birth?

A

The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live under current mortality levels.

34
Q

What are several causes of death in developing countries?

A 
Poverty
Poor access to healthcare
Antibiotic resistance
Changing human migration patterns
New infectious agents.
35
Q

When people live in overcrowded and insanitary conditions, what can spread rapidly?

A

Communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera.

36
Q

What are causes for rapid population increase?

A

High birth rate, low infant mortality, increased food production and improvement of public health. In the past, the death rate was high due to lack of food and poor health facilities. As of 2014, discoveries and inventions in food and health sectors have saved lives.

37
Q

Demographic momentum

A

Although the global population growth rate has been declining for decades, the number of people added each year remains very high because there are currently so many omen in the child-bearing age range.

38
Q

What is the demographic transition model?

A

A model illustrating the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population.

39
Q

What are social norms?

A

The general attitudes of a population to important issues such as family size, contraception, religion, politics, etc.

40
Q

What is Rural-to-Urban Migration?

A

The movement of significant numbers of people from the countryside to towns and cities.

41
Q

What are age-specific mortality rates?

A

Mortality rates specific to a single year of age, for example the infant mortality rate, or an age range, for example the child mortality rate.

42
Q

What is the demographic divide?

A

The difference between countries where population growth remains high an those with very slow growing, stagnant or declining populations.

43
Q

What is Depopulation?

A

A decline in the number of people in a population.

44
Q

What is optimum population?

A

The best balance between a population and the resources available to it. This is usually viewed as the population giving the highest average living standards in a country.

45
Q

What is Underpopulation?

A

When there are too few people in an area to use the resources available effectively.

46
Q

What is underemployment?

A

A situation where people are working less than they would like to and need to in order to earn a reasonable living.

47
Q

What is population policy?

A

Population policy encompasses all of the measures taken by a government aimed at influencing population size, growth, distribution, or composition.

48
Q

What are pro-natalist policies?

A

Policies that promote larger families.

49
Q

What are anti-natalist policies?

A

Policies that aim to reduce population growth.

50
Q

1 million years ago the world’s population was estimated to be?

A

125,000

51
Q

In 2011, the world’s population reached?

A

7 Billion.

52
Q

What is age structure? (population pyramid)

A

A population pyramid, also called an age pyramid or age picture is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

53
Q

What is the sex ratio?

A

The number of males per 100 females.

54
Q

When did global population reach 1 billion and 7 billion?

A

1800 and 2011.

55
Q

When was the highest ever global population growth rate reached?

A

In the early to mid 1960s.

56
Q

What is a major reason for increasing mortality in some countries?

A

HIV/AIDS.

57
Q

What are the differences between rich and poor countries with respect to causes of death?

A

In high-income countries almost 50% of the deaths are among adults 80 and over. The leading causes of death are chronic diseases( cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, cancers, diabetes, or dementia) and lung infection remains the only leading infectious cause of death.

In middle-income countries, chronic diseases are the major killers, but also HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and road traffic accidents.

In low-income countries around 40% of all deaths are among children under the age of 14. Although cardiovascular diseases together represent the leading cause of death, infectious diseases together claim more lives. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth together continue to be a leading cause of death.

58
Q

What are the four groups of countries that can be recognized in terms of projected population change in 2050?

A

Countries that are projected to decline in population - less than 15% of the world’s population live in these. (Russia, Germany, Japan, and Italy)

Slow population growth countries - which will increase their population by 25% at most. (China being the most important)

Medium population growth countries.

High population growth countries - which accounted for only 8% of world population in 2005. Except for a few oil exporting countries, nearly all of these are in the UN’s list of least developed countries. (Many are in Africa, but also Afghanistan, Guatemala, and Haiti)

59
Q

What is the major reason for increases in mortality?

A

HIV/AIDS.

60
Q

What is the region most affected by HIV/AIDS?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa which remains the region most affected, with 1 in 20 adults affected. It accounts for 69% of all people living with HIV.

The number of AIDS-related deaths decreases by one-third between 2005 and 2011 in sub-Saharan Africa.

61
Q

How many people became newly affected by HIV/AIDS in 2011?

A

2.5 million people.

62
Q

Where has the HIV/AIDS epidemic been particularly concentrated?

A

southern Africa

63
Q

What are the factors responsible for such high rates?

A

Poverty and social instability that result in family disruption.

High levels of other STIs.

The low status of women.

Sexual violence.

High mobility, which is linked to migratory labour systems.

Ineffective leadership during critical periods in the epidemic’s spread.

64
Q

What are the impacts of HIV/AIDS?

A
  1. Labour supply.
  2. Dependency ratio.
  3. Family.
  4. Education.
  5. Poverty.
  6. Infant and child mortality.
65
Q

What is the impact of HIV/AIDS on the labour supply?

A

The economically active population reduces as more people fall sick and are unable to work. This can have a severe impact on development. In the worst affected countries the epidemic has already reversed many of the development achievements in recent decades.

In agriculture, food security is threatened as there are fewer people able to farm and to pass on their skills.

66
Q

What is the impact of HIV/AIDS on the dependency ratio?

A

Those who contract HIV are mainly in the economically active population. An increasing death rate in this age group increases the dependency ratio.

67
Q

What is the impact of HIV/AIDS on family?

A

AIDS is impoverishing entire families and any children and elders have to take on the role of carers. Adult deaths, especially of parents, often cause households to be dissolved. The large number of orphaned children in some areas puts a considerable strain on local communities and on governments in developing countries.

68
Q

What is the impact of HIV/AIDS on education?

A

With limited investment in education many young people are still unaware about how to avoid the risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. In addition there are a considerable number of teachers who have AIDS and are too ill to work. UNICEF has stressed how the loss of a significant number of teachers is a serious blow to the future development of low-income countries.

69
Q

What is the impact of HIV/AIDS on poverty?

A

There is a vicious cycle between AIDS and poverty. AIDS prevents development and increases the impact of poverty. Poverty worsens the AIDS situation due to economic burdens such as debt repayments and drug/medical costs.

70
Q

What is the impact of HIV/AIDS on infant and child mortality?

A

Mortality rates increase as AIDS can be passed from mother to child.

Cambridge IGCSE Geography Second Edition (10 decks)

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