Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory System (CA) > 11. Pathology of Respiratory Tract Infection > Flashcards

11. Pathology of Respiratory Tract Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Which three factors make lung infections a multifactorial situation?

A

Microorganism Pathogenicity
Capacity to Resist Infection
Population at Risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three types of Microorganism Pathogenicity?

A

Primary
Facultative
Opportunistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some examples of Upper Respiratory Tract infections?

A 
Coryza - Common Cold
Sore throat syndrome
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis  (Croup)
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Acute Epiglottitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes Acute Epiglottitis?

A 
Group A beta-heamplytic Streptococci
Haemophilus influenza (Type B Hib)
(Rarely caused by Parainfluenza virus type 4 but other viruses may also be responsible)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some examples of Lower Respiratory Tract infections?

A 
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Consequences
Possible Complications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the Respiratory Tract’s defence mechanisms?

A 
Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system
General Immune system
- Humoral and Cellular Immunity
Respiratory Tract Secretions
Upper Respiratory Tract as a 'filter'
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What increases the risk of respiratory tract infection?

A

Failure in any of the defence mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is involved in the Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system?

A

Alveolar Macrophages
Mucociliary Escalator
Cough Reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the astrological classifications of Pneumonia?

A 
Community Acquired 
Hospital Acquired (Nosocomial)
Immunocompromised
Atypical 
Aspiration 
Reccurent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the patterns of Pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia
Segmental
Lobar

Hypostatic
Aspiration
Obstructive, Retention, Endogenous Lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can Bronchopneumonia be recognised?

A

Often bilateral basal patchy opacification, relating to the focal nature of the consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the Outcomes/Complications of Pneumonia?

A

Most Resolve

If not, why?
Pleurisy, Pleural Effusion and Empyema
Organisation 
- Mass lesion
- COP (cryptogenic organsising pneumonia (BOOP))
- Constrictive Bronchiolitis 
Lung Abscess
Bronchiectasis

It is still a potentially fatal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes the Pathological dilation of Bronchi in Bronchiectasis?

A

Severe Infective Episode
Recurrent Infections - many causes
Proximal Bronchial Obstruction
Lung Parenchymal Destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What percentage of Bronchiectasis starts in childhood?

A

75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the signs of chronic infection (Bronchiectasis)?

A

Cough
Adundant purulent foul sputum
Haemoptysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to the nails when a patient has Bronchiectasis?

A

Clubbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What noise would be heard upon auscultation of lungs?

A

Coarse crackles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How would Bronchiectasis be identified?

A

Thin section CT

Previously Bronchography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can Bronchiectasis be resolved?

A

Postural Drainage
Antibiotics
Surgery

20
Q

In recurrent lung infection, what would local bronchial obstruction indicate?

A

Tumour

Foreign Body

21
Q

In recurrent lung infection, what would local pulmonary damage indicate?

A

Bronchiectasis

22
Q

In recurrent lung infection, what would generalised lung disease indicate?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

COPD

23
Q

In recurrent lung infection, what would non-respiratory disease indicate?

A

Immunocompromised
(HIV, other)
Aspiration

24
Q

What are the causes of Aspiration Pneumonia?

A 
Vomiting
Oesophageal Lesion
Obstetric Anaesthesia
Neuromuscular Disorders
Sedation
25
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Organisms that cause infections that are not normally capable of producing disease in patients with intact lung defences

26
Q

What are some examples of opportunistic pathogens?

A

Low grade bacterial pathogens
CMV
Pneumocystis Jirovecii
Other fungi and yeasts

27
Q

What are feature of Normal Pulmonary Gas Exchange?

A

Air flow in airways
- Bulk flow – laminar or turbulent
- Depends on pressure difference
Beyond terminal bronchiole: Diffusion
The Blood-Air barrier
Hb affinity for oxygen means blood leaving capillary bed is 98% saturated for FIO2 of only 0.21
CO2 is VERY soluble and rapidly equilibrates between blood and air

28
Q

In Abnormal Pulmonary Gas Exchange what are the normal PaO2 and PaCO2 levels?

A

PaO2 10.5-13.5 kPa

PaCO2 4.8-6.0 kPa

29
Q

What are the statistics for PaO2 and PaCO2 in Type 1 Respiratory failure?

A

PaO2 <8 kPa

PaCO2 normal or low

30
Q

What are the statistics for PaO2 and PaCO2 in Type 2 Respiratory Failure?

A

PaCO2 > 6.5 kPa

PaO2 usually low

31
Q

What are the four abnormal states associated with Hypoxaemia?

A

Ventilation/Perfusion imbalance - V/Q
Diffusion impairment
Alveolar Hypoventilation
Shunt

32
Q

What are pulmonary vascular changes in Hypoxia?

A

Physiological pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction
- When alveolar O2 tension falls
- Localised effect
- ALL VESSELS CONSTRICT IF THERE IS ARTERIAL HYPOXEMIA
A protective mechanism
- Do not send blood to alveoli short of O2

33
Q

Pneumonia: Why hypoxaemia?

A

Ventilation/Perfusion abnormality (mismatch)
- Bronchitis/Bronchopneumonia
Shunt
- Severe bronchopneumonia
- Lobar pattern with large areas of consolidation

34
Q

What Is normal breath, cardiac output and V/Q?

A

Breath ~4 l/min
Cardiac output ~5 l/min
V/Q 4/5 or 0.8

35
Q

What is the commonest cause of Hypoxaemia that is encountered clinically?

A

Low V/Q

36
Q

What causes low V/q in some alveoli?

A

Local alveolar hypoventilation due to some, focal disease

37
Q

What does hypoxaemia due to low V/Q respond well to?

A

Small increase in FlO2

38
Q

What does V/Q mismatch and Shunt mean for ventilation?

A

V/Q mismatch - Some ventilation of abnormal alveoli, just not enough
Shunt - No ventilation of abnormal alveoli

39
Q

What is shunt?

A

Blood passing from the right side of the heart to the left WITHOUT contacting ventilated alveoli

40
Q

What is the normal Shunt percentage?

A

2-4%

41
Q

Where is shunt prevalent?

A

AV malformations
Congenital heart disease
PULMONARY DISEASE

42
Q

What do large shunts respond poorly to?

A

Increases in Fl O2

43
Q

COPD: Why Hypoxaemia?

A 
Ventilation / Perfusion abnormality (mismatch)
- Airway Obstruction
Alveolar Hypoventilation
- Reduced Respiratory Drive
Diffusion Impairment
- Loss of Alveolar Surface Area 
Shunt 
- Only during acute exacerbation
44
Q

What is alveolar hypoventilation?

A

Insufficient amount of air moved in and out of lungs

45
Q

What happens during hypoventilation?

A

Hypoventilation increases PACO2, and thus increases PaCO2
Increase in PACO2 decreases PAO2, which causes PaO2 to fall
Fall in PaO2 due to hypoventilation is corrected by raising FIO2

FlO2 = the fraction of Inspired air which is oxygen

46
Q

What is Hypoxic Cor Pulmonale?

A

Hypertrophy of the Right Ventricle resulting from disease affecting the function and/or the structure of the lung

Respiratory System (CA) (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions