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Respiratory System (CA) > 1. Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply > Flashcards

1. Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the Respiratory System?

A
  • Gas Exchange (O2 added to blood from air, CO2 removed from the blood into air)
  • Acid base balance (Regulation of body pH)
  • Protection from infection
  • Communication via speech
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2
Q

Which of these functions is the most important?

A

Gas exchange (acquiring O2 and removing CO2)

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3
Q

Why do we breathe?

A

Need to produce energy

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4
Q

How is energy produced?

A

Oxygen is burned and energy is released. CO2 is produced as a waste product (cellular respiration)

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5
Q

Why is the Cardiovascular System necessary? What is it responsible for?

A
  • Transporting O2 to tissues

- Transporting CO2 away from tissues

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6
Q

What does External Respiration require?

A

Integration of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems

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7
Q

Where does the Pulmonary Artery travel?

A

Away from the heart

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8
Q

Where does the Pulmonary Vein travel?

A

Towards the heart

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9
Q

If Pulmonary Circulation is the opposite from Systemic Circulation, what does it do?

A

Delivers CO2 to the lungs and picks up O2

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10
Q

Where is Exchange 1?

A

Between the atmosphere and lung

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11
Q

Where is Exchange 2?

A

Between the lung and the blood

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12
Q

Where is Exchange 3?

A

Between the blood and the cells

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13
Q

Is it true of false that the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are intimately related?

A

True

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14
Q

Where does gas exchange occur and how do they differ?

A
  • At the lungs (O2 moves from inspired air to blood, CO2 moves from blood to air which is then expired)
  • At systemic capillaries (O2 moves from blood to cells, CO2 moves cells to blood)
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15
Q

In the stead state, what is the net volume of O2 and CO2 exchanged in the lungs (per unit) equal to?

A

The net volume exchanged in the tissues

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16
Q

What does this prevent?

A

A gas build up in the circulation which would hamper gas exchange

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17
Q

What are the average volumes exchanged per minute?

A

250ml O2 exchanged (consumed)

200ml CO2 exchanged (produced)

18
Q

What is the normal breathing rate of an adult at rest and at max during exercise?

A

At rest: 10-20 breaths/min

Max during exercise: 40-45 breaths/min

19
Q

Anatomically, what are the major parts of the respiratory system?

A 
Nose 
Pharynx 
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea 
Bronchus
Lung

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20
Q

What do the cilia and mucus do in the nose?

A

Air enters your body through the nose, where cilia and mucus trap particles and warm and moisten the air

21
Q

What happens in the pharynx?

A

Air is passed from the nose into the pharynx which shares it with the digestive system

22
Q

What is the Epiglottis and what does it do?

A

Small flap of tissue which folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow

23
Q

What is the Larynx and what does it contain?

A

The Larynx, or voice box, contains your vocal chords, which vibrate to produce sound

24
Q

What happens in the Bronchus?

A

Air enters from trachea into left and right bronchi, this then leads onto lungs

25
Q

What are the lungs and what are the anatomically like?

A

They are the main organs of the respiratory system

They are soft and spongy in texture due to thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them

26
Q

What does the Upper Respiratory Tract consist of?

A 
Nasal Cavity
Tongue
Pharynx
Vocal Cords
Esophagus
Larynx

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27
Q

What does the Lower Respiratory Tract consist of?

A

Trachea
Lungs
Brochus
Diaphragm

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28
Q

Where are foreign bodies commonly lodged?

A

The right bronchi

29
Q

In decreasing order, how do the airways branch?

A

Primary Bronchus
Secondary Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveoli

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30
Q

What is the semi-rigid/”patency” of airways maintained by?

A

C-shaped rings of caritlage

31
Q

Where are c-shaped rings of cartilage not found?

A

Bronchiole

32
Q

Where is the point of gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

33
Q

What alters airway diameter and resistance to air flow?

A

Bronchial Smooth Muscle

Contraction decreases diameter = increases resistance
Relaxation increases diameter = decreases resistance

34
Q

Why is gas exchange between the lungs and the blood only possible at the alveoli?

A

Too thick to allow gases to cross and Purely for conduction of air

35
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Air found in the upper airways which cannot participate in gas exchange

36
Q

What structural feature enhances the alveoli’s function?

A

Huge surface area

37
Q

What lines the respiratory tract?

A 
Epithelium (Psuedo-stratified, ciliated, columnar)
Glands
Lymph nodes
Blood vessels (nutritive)
Cilia
Mucous

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38
Q

What highlights the progression from nose to alveoli?

A

Epithelium becomes more squamous
Cilia lost
Mucous cells lost (before cilia)

39
Q

What is the function of mucous?

A

Moistens air
Traps particles
Provides large surface area for cilia to act on goblet cells and subepithelial glands

40
Q

Features of the Alveoli?

A

Thin walls
Site of gaseous exchange (Pneumocytes Type 1 and 2, Very rich capillary network)
Elastic fibres - recoil
Macrophages (from blood monocytes) gather residual dirt and escape to pharynx/lymph nodes

41
Q

Type 1 Pneumoctyes

A

97% alveolar surface
Simple squamous epithelium
Gas exchange

42
Q

Type 2 Pneumocytes

A

Surfactant
Phospholipids and protein
Reduces surface tension at alveolar surface
Reduces work of breathing

Respiratory System (CA) (32 decks)

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