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Renal Week 3 2017/18 > 11: Pathology 3 > Flashcards

11: Pathology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What names are given to SCC-in-situ of the penis?

A

Erythroplasia of Queryat (glans and shaft)

Bowen’s disease (everything else)

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2
Q

What does SCC-in-situ of the penis look like?

A

Red, velvety plaque

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3
Q

SCC occurs in men who are ___.

A

uncircumcised

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4
Q

What virus is associated with SCC of the penis?

A

HPV type 16

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5
Q

Is SCC of the penis common in the UK?

A

No

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6
Q

What are risk factors for penile SCC?

A

Aged 20 - 35

Uncircumcised

HPV type 16

Poor hygiene

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7
Q

What is a common disorder affecting men over the age of 50?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

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8
Q

What causes BPH?

A

Imbalance between testosterone (decreases) and oestrogen (excess) levels

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9
Q

What urinary problems does BPH cause?

A

Urine retention

Hesitancy

Slow flow

Overflow incontinence

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10
Q

What group of symptoms are collectively called prostatism?

A

Hesitancy

Poor flow

Overflow incontinence

Urine retention

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11
Q

Hesitancy, slow flow and incontinence are collectively called ___.

A

prostatism

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12
Q

What happens to the bladder muscle in BPH?

A

Hypertrophy

Forms diverticulae (which stones can lodge in)

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13
Q

What are complications caused by the obstruction in BPH?

A

Hydronephrosis

UTI

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14
Q

How is BPH managed?

A

Alpha blockers

5alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride)

Surgery

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15
Q

Does BPH lead to prostate cancer?

A

Not for sure

But people who develop prostate cancer CAN have BPH

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16
Q

What does BPH look like on biopsy?

A

Stromal and glandular hypertrophy

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17
Q

What is the most common cancer in men in the UK?

A

Prostate cancer

18
Q

When do men tend to get prostate cancer?

A

50+

19
Q

People with a ___ history of prostate cancer are more likely to develop it.

A

family history

20
Q

Which local organs can prostate cancer spread to?

A

Urethra

Bladder

Rectum

21
Q

What is prostate cancer notorious for spreading to?

A

Bone

22
Q

What process does metastatic prostate cancer cause in bone?

A

Osteosclerosis

whereas most other cancers cause osteolysis

23
Q

What are the investigations for

a) initial
b) suspected metastatic

prostate cancer?

A

a) PR exam, blood PSA, prostate biopsy

b) CT everything, bone scans

24
Q

Does an elevated PSA mean prostate cancer?

A

No, lots of other reasons

But if gradually, consistently increasing then probably prostate cancer

25
Q

Which

a) drugs
b) surgery

are used to treat prostate cancer?

A

a) LHRH agonists, anti-androgen

b) Prostatectomy

26
Q

What is the prognosis of testicular cancer?

A

Very good

27
Q

What is a big risk factor for testicular cancer?

A

Undescended testes

28
Q

Is testicular cancer painful?

A

No, usually presents as PAINLESS TESTICULAR LUMP

29
Q

What is an endocrine symptom associated with testicular cancer?

A

Gynaechomastia

30
Q

What are two germ cell tumours of the testicle?

A

Seminoma

Teratoma

31
Q

Which germ cell tumour of the testicle is most common?

A

Seminoma

32
Q

What do seminomas look like on biopsy?

A

Solid, homogenous, pale

(like a potato)

33
Q

What cells are present in the interstitium of seminomas?

A

Lymphocytes

34
Q

Which treatment are seminomas sensitive to?

A

Radiotherapy

35
Q

What type of germ cell tumour makes up 1/3rd of testicular cancers?

A

Teratoma

group of different cancers

36
Q

What is the appearance of teratomas on biopsy?

A

Solid

Cystic

Haemorrhage

Necrosis

37
Q

Why are germ cell tumours given that name?

A

Contain cells derived from all three germ layers

38
Q

What are markers of testicular cancer?

A

AFP

hCG

LDH

39
Q

Apart from being markers of testicular cancer, what are AFP and hCG also notable for?

A

AFP - marker for hepatocellular carcinoma

hCG - pregnancy test

40
Q

Seminomas and teratomas both produce ___ and ___.

Seminomas don’t produce ___.

A

both produce hCG and LDH

seminomas don’t produce AFP

Renal Week 3 2017/18 (12 decks)

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