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Renal Week 3 2017/18 > 1: Pathology 1 > Flashcards

1: Pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a common parasitic infection of the bladder?

A

Schistosomiasis

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2
Q

People with chronic pyelonephritis produce a large volume of hypotonic urine - why?

A

Renal failure

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3
Q

Urethral obstruction is more common in (males/females).

A

males

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4
Q

Why can infection cause glomerulonephritis?

A

Triggers autoimmune response

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5
Q

Why are females more likely to develop UTIs than males?

A

SHORTER, WIDER urethra

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6
Q

What kind of necrosis is seen in the kidney in TB pyelonephritis?

What type of inflammation is seen?

How can you diagnose it on biopsy?

A

Caseous necrosis

Chronic granulomatous inflammation

ZN stain for acid-fast bacilli

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7
Q

What are common causes of hydronephrosis?

A

Same as obstruction

plus vesico-ureteric reflux

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of TB pyelonephritis?

A

Weight loss

Fever

Loin pain

Dysuria

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9
Q

What organisms can cause cystitis?

A

E. coli

Klebsiella

Proteus

Pseudomonas

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10
Q

What is a congenital disease which can cause urethral obstruction?

A

Posterior urethral valves

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11
Q

What is a classic renal sign of TB pyelonephritis?

A

Sterile pyuria

Pus in urine

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12
Q

What are the two broad categories of nephritis?

A

Glomerulonephritis

Pyelonephritis

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13
Q

What is seen on biopsy of someone with acute pyelonephritis?

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

Which muscle can hypertrophy to cause urinary tract obstruction?

A

Detrusor

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15
Q

How does tuberculosis spread?

A

Haematogenously

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16
Q

What do glomeruli look like chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Diffuse sclerosis

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17
Q

How can pyelonephritis be acquired?

A

UTI

Sepsis

Post-surgery

18
Q

Schistosomiasis infection of the bladder predisposes you to which disease?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

19
Q

Does acute urinary tract obstruction cause hydronephrosis?

A

No, not enough time for dilatation (which is the definition of it)

20
Q

What are some common causes of urinary tract obstruction?

A

Calculi

Compression - malignancy, prostate

Strictures

21
Q

What is the appearance of the

a) renal cortex
b) glomeruli

in chronic pyelonephritis?

A

a) Scarred

b) Sclerosis

22
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Bacterial inflammation of the bladder

23
Q

Apart from urinary tract obstruction, what other disease can cause hydronephrosis?

A

Vesico-ureteric reflux

24
Q

What is the commonest cause of pyelonephritis?

A

E. coli infection

25
Q

What is pyelonephrosis** usually secondary to?

A

Pyelonephritis

Hydronephrosis (> secondary infection of a kidney filled with static fluid)

26
Q

What is seen on biopsy of someone with chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Cortical scarring

27
Q

What structural changes occur in a bladder which is distally obstructed?

A

Detrusor hypertrophy

Thickening of bladder wall

Diverticulae

28
Q

What is cystitis cystica?

A

Protrusion of cysts into lumen of bladder, seen in cystitis

29
Q

What is infection of the testicle called?

A

Orchitis

30
Q

What disease does untreated urinary tract obstruction cause?

A

Hydronephrosis

31
Q

What are risk factors for UTI?

A

Pregnancy - ureter dilates

Surgery

Urinary tract obstruction - calculi, compression

Reflux

Diabetes

32
Q

What specific change occurs in hydronephrosis?

A

Dilatation of calyces

33
Q

Where can renal calculi settle and grow?

A

Diverticulae

34
Q

What is pus in the kidneys called?

A

Pyelonephrosis**

35
Q

UTIs are more common in (males / females).

A

females

36
Q

What are some consequences of chronic pyelonephritis?

A

Renal failure

e.g hypertension, oedema, uraemia, all them symptoms

37
Q

What organisms are known to cause pyelonephritis?

A

E. coli

Pseudomonas

Enterococcus faecalis

38
Q

In which group of patients is vesico-ureteric reflux common?

A

Young girls

39
Q

Most types of glomerulonephritis are (focal / diffuse).

A

diffuse

Affecting > 50% of glomeruli

40
Q

What tends to cause glomerulonephritis?

A

Autoimmunity

41
Q

Which granulomatous disease can affect the kidneys?

What is this called?

A

TB

Tuberculous pyelonephritis

42
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Bacterial infection of renal tubules and interstitium, causing inflammation

Renal Week 3 2017/18 (12 decks)

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